| Description | Inquire | When apoptosis occurs, some DNA endonucleases will be activated. These endonucleases will cut off genomic DNA between nucleosomes and produce 180 bp-200 BP DNA fragments, which appear as a specific ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis. When double strand or single strand breaks occurWhen apoptosis occurs, some DNA endonucleases will be activated. These endonucleases will cut off genomic DNA between nucleosomes and produce 180 bp-200 BP DNA fragments, which appear as a specific ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis. When double strand or single strand breaks occur in genomic DNA, a large number of sticky 3'-oh ends will be generated, which can interact with YF under the catalysis of deoxyribonucleotide terminal transferase (TDT) ®/ CY dUTP binding can directly detect apoptotic cells by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. This kind of method is called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). Because normal or proliferating cells have almost no DNA breaks, there is no 3'-oh formation and they can rarely be stained. TUNEL method can stain intact single apoptotic nuclei or apoptotic bodies in situ, can accurately reflect the typical biochemical and morphological characteristics of apoptosis, and can detect a very small number of apoptotic cells, so it is widely used in the study of apoptosis. This kit has a wide range of applications and can be used to detect apoptosis in frozen or paraffin sections, as well as cultured adherent cells or suspended cells. It can selectively detect apoptotic cells, but not necrotic cells or cells with DNA strand breaks caused by irradiation and drug treatment. This kit detects cell apoptosis with a short time-consuming, one-step staining reaction and can be detected after washing.Component： Instruction： Experimental materials (self provided)PBS buffer (1 x, pH~7.4). 0.2% Triton X -100 (PBS formulation). 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS formulation, containing 5 mg/mLBSA)4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS)Immunohistochemical penDewaxing solvent (paraffin section sample)Related reagents for paraffin section processingAnti fluorescence quenching and sealing agent. ddH2Oexperimental design. A. Positive control:Prepare positive control slides using DNaseI treatment. DNaseI can digest single or double stranded DNA and expose the 3 '- OH end, artificially causing cell apoptosis. One experiment per time is sufficient. (To verify if there are any issues with the experimental operation and reagent kit)B. Negative control:Use TUNEL Reaction Buffer without TdT Enzyme and replace TdT Enzyme with ddH2O. (Mainly to exclude non-specific staining caused by cell apoptosis, operational processes, and other reasons; and to adjust the exposure intensity of the shooting.)C. Experimental processing group.The experimental group operated normally according to the instructions.D. Experimental control group.The experimental group operated normally according to the instructions.Experimental steps1. Sample preparation:(1) For adherent cells or cell smearsa. Clean once with PBS.Note: If you are concerned that the cells on the cell smear may not adhere firmly, you can dry the sample to make the cells adhere more firmly.b. Fixation: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at 4 ℃ for 30 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.d. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(2) For suspended cells or cell suspensionsa. Collect cells (3-5 x 106 cells), centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and wash twice with PBS.b. Fixation: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and resuspend the cells thoroughly. Fix at 4 ℃ for 30 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.d. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(3) Paraffin tissue sectioninga. Dewaxing and hydration: Place the sliced samples sequentially in xylene I (10 min) → xylene II (10 min) → 100% ethanol I (5 min) → 100% ethanol II (5 min) → 95% ethanol (5 min) → 90% ethanol (5 min) → 80% ethanol (5 min) → 70% ethanol (5 min) → ddH2O rinse for 5 min, rinse twice.Note: Xylene is toxic and volatile. Please perform this operation in a fume hood.b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of ProteinaseK solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.Note: Protein K can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.d. Wash the slices twice with PBS, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed sample in a wet box to keep it moist.Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(4) Frozen tissue sectionsa. Fixation: Take out frozen sections and warm them back to room temperature. Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at room temperature for 30 minutes. Wash twice with PBS for 10 minutes each time.Note: If you are concerned that formaldehyde cleaning may not be clean enough, it may affect the final dyeing effect. After formaldehyde fixation is completed, an appropriate amount of 2 mg/mL glycine can be added and washed for 10 minutes to neutralize the residual fixing solution, and then PBS cleaning can be carried out.b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of ProteinaseK solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.Note: Protein K can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.d. Wash the slices twice with PBS, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed sample in a wet box to keep it moist.Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(5) Positive treatment (only the positive control is subjected to this step, and other samples are directly subjected to the TUNEL reaction step)a. Dilute 10 x DNase I Buffer with ddH2O in a ratio of 1:10 to 1 x DNase I Buffer for later use.b. Drip 100 µ L of 1xDNase I Buffer onto the processed sample, covering all sample areas, and equilibrate at room temperature for 5 minutes.c. Dilute DNase I (2 U) with 1 x DNase I Buffer at a ratio of 1:100/ µ L) A working solution with a final concentration of 20 U/mL.d. Discard the buffer and add 100 µ Incubate DNase I working solution with a concentration of 20 U/mL at room temperature for 10 minutes.e. Discard DNase I working solution and clean twice with PBS.f. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.2. TUNEL reaction(1) Prepare TUNEL reaction solution (ready to use):/1 sample5sample10 sampleTdT enzyme1 µL5 µL10 µLYF®488/555/594/640 TUNEL Reaction Buffer49 µL245 µL490 µLTUNEL Total volume of reaction solution50 µL250 µL500 µL(2) For adherent cells, cell smears, or tissue sectionsa. Add 50 to each sample µ L TUNEL reaction solution, evenly cover the sample with the reaction solution. The appropriate time for dark incubation at 37 ℃ (recommended staining time for cells is 30 minutes to 1 hour, and tissue staining time is 2 hours).Note: 50 µ L TUNEL reaction solution is suitable for smear, slicing, or 96 well plates (other different well plates can adjust the volume of TUNEL reaction solution appropriately to cover cells). If the sample to be tested is a smear, slice, or in a 24 well plate, 12 well plate, or 6 well plate, anti evaporation film can be used, or self sealing bags or other appropriate materials can be used to cut circular plastic sheets slightly smaller than the holes. After adding TUNEL reaction solution dropwise, cover the sample to prevent the evaporation of TUNEL reaction solution and make the TUNEL reaction solution evenly cover the sample.b. Discard the TUNEL reaction solution, wash twice with PBS, and then wash three times with 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS preparation, containing 5 mg/mL BSA) for 5 minutes each time. This way, free unreacted markers can be removed cleanly.c. (Optional) Add an appropriate concentration of 5 to each sample µ DAPI staining solution with a concentration of g/mL, incubated at room temperature in dark for 5 minutes. After staining, discard DAPI staining solution and wash twice with PBS for 5 minutes each time.d. (Optional) Slice sealing: Add 50 drops to each sample µ L anti fluorescence quenching sealing agent (anti fluorescence quenching sealing agent may not be suitable for certain dyes, it is recommended to conduct pre experimental testing for compatibility before the experiment), cover the cover glass, gently tap the cover glass with the blunt end of tweezers to remove bubbles and ensure complete sealing.e. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid and add 100 to the sample area µ Keep the sample moist with PBS and immediately observe under a fluorescence microscope.(3) For suspended cells or cell suspensionsa. Add 50 to each sample tube µ Gently resuspend cells in LTUNEL reaction solution and incubate at 37 ℃ in the dark for 30-1 hour. Gently resuspend cells with a micropipette every 15 minutes.b. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard TUNEL reaction solution, and wash twice with 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS preparation, containing 5 mg/mLBSA) for 5 minutes each time. This way, free unreacted markers can be removed cleanly.c. Add 100 to each sample tube µ L concentration is 5 µ DAPI staining solution with a concentration of g/mL, incubated at room temperature in dark for 5 minutes.d. Join 400 µ L PBS resuspended cells and immediately detected with a flow cytometer or observed under a fluorescence microscope after smearing.Matters needing attention：1. please centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube immediately before use, and then conduct subsequent experiments. 2. when the staining background is heavy or non-specific staining is obvious, the staining time can be appropriately reduced. 3. it is recommended to add negative control and positive control groups during the experiment. 4. please wear mask and gloves when using component A. if it contacts the skin, please wash it with plenty of water immediately. 5. fluorescent dyes have quenching problems. Please try to avoid light to slow down fluorescence quenching. 6. for your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.Product parameters：490/515 nm；Scope of application：Late apoptosis detection, TUNEL Kit... Read More | Inquire | H665581 Component 100 T Storage H665581A gDNA Eraser 50 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581B 10×gDNA Eraser Buffer 120 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581C HiFiScript, 200 U/µL 100 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581D 5×ScriptRT H665581 Component 100 T Storage H665581A gDNA Eraser 50 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581B 10×gDNA Eraser Buffer 120 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581C HiFiScript, 200 U/µL 100 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581D 5×ScriptRT Buffer 500 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581E Primer Mix 120 µL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. H665581F RNase-Free Water 2×1 mL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.Product IntroductionThis product is a kit for removing genomic DNA for reverse transcription. The kit removes genomic DNA in 2 minutes at 42°C. Since the reverse transcription reagent contains a component that inhibits gDNA Eraser, cDNA can be synthesized directly by reverse transcription of gDNA Eraser-treated samples.The kit is equipped with a new high-efficiency reverse transcription enzyme, HiFiScript, with novel mutation sites that dramatically increase the transcriptional activity of the enzyme, resulting in higher efficiency and yield of cDNA first-strand synthesis. The first strand of cDNA can be synthesized with higher efficiency and yield, and the first strand of cDNA can be synthesized from pg total RNA or mRNA. If the reverse transcription product cDNA is used for downstream fluorescence quantitative detection, the reverse transcription reaction can be completed at 42℃ in 15 minutes. This kit is suitable for the synthesis of first-strand cDNA and subsequent RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and the construction of full-length cDNA libraries.Product Features1. Rapid genome removal: contains gDNA Eraser for genomic DNA removal, which removes genomic DNA in just 2 minutes.2. Rapid reverse transcription: 15 minutes to obtain fluorescent quantitative PCR template cDNA first strand synthesis.3. High sensitivity: cDNA first strand can be synthesized using pg-level total RNA or mRNA templates.4. Highly efficient reverse transcription: Novel mutation sites dramatically increase enzyme activity, resulting in higher yields of cDNA.matters needing attention1. During operation, RNase contamination should be avoided to prevent RNA degradation or cross-contamination in the experiment. It is recommended that operators wear masks and disposable gloves and change the gloves frequently, and use specialized instruments and consumables.2. The reverse transcription system is prepared and operated on ice to prevent degradation of RNA. Store the kit enzymes at -20ºC as soon as possible after use and try to avoid repeated freezing and thawing.3. The reaction system can be scaled up to a maximum of 1 µg of total RNA in 10 µl of reaction system.4. Primer Mix is prepared by Oligo(dT) and Random primer, and Oligo-dT Primer or Gene Specific Primer can also be used according to the experimental needs.5. If the amount of starting RNA is less than 50ng, it is recommended to add RNAase inhibitor (RNasin).6. For RNA templates with complex secondary structures, it is recommended to incubate the template RNA at 65°C for 5 minutes immediately on ice prior to the manipulation step and centrifuge briefly before proceeding to the next step.UsageThaw template RNA on ice; place kit components on ice immediately after thawing at room temperature. Each solution was mixed by vortexing and shaking before use and briefly centrifuged.I. Genomic DNA removal reactions1. Prepare the reaction system according to the following table on ice in a total volume of 10 µl. To ensure the accuracy of the reaction solution preparation, prepare the premixed system in the amount of reaction number + 2 before dispensing it into each reaction tube and finally adding the RNA sample.Note: 1) If the amount of total RNA is greater than 1µg, scale up the reaction system proportionally. If the amount of starting RNA is less than 50ng, it is recommended to add RNAase inhibitor (RNasin).2. Mix by vortex shaking and centrifuge briefly so that the solution on the walls of the tube collects at the bottom.3. Incubate at 42°C for 2 minutes (this can be extended to 30 minutes for room temperature reactions).4．At the end of the reaction, centrifuge briefly and place on ice to cool.II. Reverse transcription reaction1. Prepare the reaction system on ice according to the following table. In order to ensure the accuracy of the reaction solution configuration, first prepare a premixed solution in the amount of number + 2, and then dispense 10 µl into each reaction tube, take 10 µl of the prepared premixed solution and add it to the reaction tube of step 1 where the de-etching of the genome has been completed.Note: 1) Oligo-dT Primer or Gene Specific Primer can be used according to the needs of the experiment, it is recommended to use 50 pmol of Oligo-dT Primer or 2 pmol of Gene Specific Primer for 20 µl reaction system.2. Mix well and centrifuge briefly so that the solution on the walls of the tube collects at the bottom.3. cDNA synthesis reaction conditions:1) If fluorescent quantitative PCR assay is performed downstream, incubate at 42°C for 15 minutes and 85°C for 5 minutes.2) If downstream for normal PCR assay, incubate at 42°C for 30-50 minutes and 85°C for 5 minutes. Note: For templates with complex secondary structure or high GC content, the reverse transcription temperature can be increased to 50°C to enhance reverse transcription efficiency.4. At the end of the reaction, centrifuge briefly and place on ice before proceeding with subsequent PCR or fluorescence quantitative PCR, or place at -20°C if prolonged storage is required.Note: When performing Real-time PCR reactions, the amount of reverse transcription product added should not exceed 1/10 of the total volume of the PCR reaction... Read More | DescriptionThe Baran Late-Stage Toolkit is a convenient collection of 12 highly innovative reagents that are highly effective in the diversification of complex molecules. The contents in the box are 11 Baran Diversinates™and one vial of Palau′Chlor®in amounts of 100 mg each. For DescriptionThe Baran Late-Stage Toolkit is a convenient collection of 12 highly innovative reagents that are highly effective in the diversification of complex molecules. The contents in the box are 11 Baran Diversinates™and one vial of Palau′Chlor®in amounts of 100 mg each. For obtaining larger amounts of any desired kit component, see the kit component table at the bottom of the page.Useful Topics:Late Stage FunctionalizationBaran Group – Professor Product PortalPalau′ChlorDiversinates... Read More |