| Description | Reducing sugars (RS) are widely present in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. Reducing sugars in plants primarily include glucose, fructose, and maltose. Among these, glucose and fructose are not only the main substrates for respiration but also serve as substrates for the further Reducing sugars (RS) are widely present in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. Reducing sugars in plants primarily include glucose, fructose, and maltose. Among these, glucose and fructose are not only the main substrates for respiration but also serve as substrates for the further synthesis of sucrose, starch, and cellulose.Detection Principle: In an alkaline solution, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) can be reduced by reducing sugars to produce a brown-red-colored amino compound, which has a characteristic absorption peak at 540 nm. Within a certain concentration range, the RS content is linearly correlated with the absorbance at 540 nm. The RS content in the sample can be calculated based on a standard curve.Detection Range: 0.05 - 0.6 mg/mLSensitivity: 0.025 mg/mLApplicable Samples: Plant tissues, animal tissues, cells, bacteria, serum (plasma)R1501790Component48T96TStorageR1501790AExtraction Buffer60 mL120 mL2-8℃R1501790BDNS Reagent10 mL20 mL2-8℃. Store in the dark.R1501790CStandard1EA1EA2-8℃Note: Before formal testing, it is recommended to perform a preliminary test with 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences.User-Prepared Instruments and ReagentsMicroplate reader or visible spectrophotometer (capable of measuring absorbance at 540 nm)96-well plate or micro glass cuvettes, adjustable micropipettes and tipsCentrifuge, water bathDeionized waterHomogenizer (for tissue samples)Experimental Procedure1. Reagent PreparationReagent NameReagent PreparationNotesExtraction BufferReady-to-use; Equilibrate to room temperature before use.Store at 4°C. Slightly irritating. Use appropriate personal protective equipment.DNS ReagentReady-to-use; Equilibrate to room temperature before use.Store at 4°C protected from light. Slightly irritating. Use appropriate personal protective equipment.StandardBefore use, add 1 mL of deionized water to dissolve, preparing a 10 mg/mL stock standard solution.Can be stored at 4°C for 2 weeks.2. Standard Curve SetupDilute the 10 mg/mL standard stock solution with deionized water to concentrations of 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 mg/mL.TubeVolume of 10 mg/mL Standard (µL)Volume of Deionized Water (µL)Concentration (mg/mL)Std.1609400.6Std.2509500.5Std.3409600.4Std.4309700.3Std.5209800.2Std.6109900.1Std.759950.05Note: The standard curve must be generated with each experiment. Diluted standard solutions are unstable and must be used within 4 hours.3. Sample Preparation3.1 Plant or Animal Tissue SamplesWeigh approximately 0.1 g of tissue. Add 1 mL of Extraction Buffer and homogenize in an ice bath. Transfer the homogenate to a capped centrifuge tube (to prevent evaporation during heating). Incubate in an 80°C water bath for 40 minutes, vortexing every 5 minutes. Centrifuge at 8,000 g, 25°C for 10 minutes. Collect the supernatant for assay.3.2 Bacteria or CellsCollect bacteria or cells into a centrifuge tube; discard the supernatant. Add 1 mL of Extraction Buffer per 5 million bacteria/cells. Sonicate in an ice bath for 5 minutes (power 20%, pulse 3s on, 10s off, repeat 30 times). Transfer to a capped centrifuge tube (to prevent evaporation during heating). Incubate in an 80°C water bath for 40 minutes, vortexing every 5 minutes. Centrifuge at 8,000 g, 25°C for 10 minutes. Collect the supernatant for assay.3.3 Serum (Plasma) SamplesTake 0.1 mL of serum (plasma) and add 0.9 mL of Extraction Buffer; mix thoroughly. Transfer to a capped centrifuge tube (to prevent evaporation during heating). Incubate in an 80°C water bath for 40 minutes, vortexing every 5 minutes. Centrifuge at 8,000 g, 25°C for 10 minutes. Collect the supernatant for assay.Note:If protein concentration measurement is required, Aladdin's BCA Protein Quantification Kit (B665595) or Ready-to-Use BCA Protein Quantification Kit (R1491648) is recommended. The Extraction Buffer contains components that denature proteins. If calculating based on protein concentration, protein needs to be re-extracted separately for measurement.4. Assay Steps4.1 Preheat the microplate reader or visible spectrophotometer for at least 30 minutes. Set the wavelength to 540 nm. For spectrophotometers, zero the instrument with deionized water.4.2 Assay Procedure:ReagentBlank Tube (µL)Standard Tube (µL)Test Tube (µL)Control Tube (µL)Sample00175175Standard (various conc.)017500Deionized Water17500125DNS Reagent1251251250Mix well. Heat in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes (cap tightly to prevent evaporation). Remove and immediately cool to room temperature. Transfer 200 µL to a 96-well plate or micro glass cuvette. Measure the absorbance at 540 nm. Calculate ΔA test = A test - A control, ΔA standard = A standard - A blank. Note:The Blank and Standard tubes only need to be set up 1-2 times.It is recommended to perform a preliminary test with 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences before the formal experiment. If ΔA <sub> test </sub> is less than 0.04, consider increasing the sample volume appropriately. If ΔA <sub> test </sub> is greater than the ΔA <sub> standard </sub> of the 0.6 mg/mL standard, further dilute the sample with Extraction Buffer (multiply the result by the dilution factor) or reduce the amount of sample used for extraction.5. Calculation of ResultsNote: We provide both the derived formula and a simplified formula. They are equivalent. It is recommended to use the simplified formula in bold for final calculation.5.1 Standard Curve PlottingPlot the standard concentration (y-axis) against ΔA standard (x-axis) to generate the standard curve. Substitute ΔA test into the standard curve equation to calculate y (mg/mL).5.2 Sample Reducing Sugar Content Calculation(1) Based on Sample WeightReducing Sugar (µg/g) = 1000 × y × V<sub>extraction</sub> ÷ W × n = 1000 × y / W × n(2) Based on Sample Protein ConcentrationReducing Sugar (µg/mg prot) =1000 × y × Vextraction ÷ (Vextraction × Cpr) × n=1000 × y / Cpr × n(3) Based on Bacterial or Cell CountReducing Sugar (µg/10⁴) =1000 × y × V<sub>extraction</sub> ÷ 500 × n = 2 × y × n(4) Based on Serum (Plasma) VolumeReducing Sugar (µg/mL) = 1000 × y × Vextraction ÷ Vliquid × n = 10000 × y × nParameter Definitions:1000: Unit conversion factor (1 mg/mL = 1000 µg/mL)V extraction : Volume of Extraction Buffer added (1 mL)V liquid : Volume of serum (plasma) added (0.1 mL)Cpr: Sample protein concentration (mg/mL)W: Sample weight (g)500: Total number of bacteria or cells (5 million)n: Dilution factor6. Representative ResultsTypical Standard Curve: y = 0.2243x + 0.0545, R² = 0.9957 PrecautionsThis product is for research use only. Not for use in clinical diagnosis. For your safety and health, please wear lab coats and disposable gloves during operation... Read More | Bacterial protein extraction reagents use mild non-ionic detergents and are suitable for extracting recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and insect cells. During the extraction process, there is no need for ultrasonic fragmentation, effectively avoiding contamination of exogenous Bacterial protein extraction reagents use mild non-ionic detergents and are suitable for extracting recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and insect cells. During the extraction process, there is no need for ultrasonic fragmentation, effectively avoiding contamination of exogenous proteins. This product can be applied to extract soluble proteins from bacterial lysates. The bacterial protein extraction kit adds a mixture of lysozyme, DNase I, and protease inhibitors to the extraction reagent, which can improve the efficiency of protein extraction and reduce the viscosity caused by DNA, effectively avoiding protein degradation. The extracted protein maintains biological activity and can be subjected to downstream operations such as IP, Western blot, and protein purification. Component B665764 100 preps Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagent 100 ml Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100x) 1 ml Lysozyme （50 mg/ml） 200µl DNaseⅠ（1,000 U/ml） 100µl Notes:1. This product is suitable for extracting proteins from fresh or frozen bacterial and insect cells.2. This product uses Tris buffer system. Please use the same buffer system for protein purification after extraction.3. The protein lysis solution obtained from this product can be used for protein quantification using BCA or Bradford method.4. For special strains, if the extraction effect is not ideal, the sample can be frozen before protein extraction.5. Depending on the specific situation, protease inhibitors, salts, chelating agents, reducing agents, etc. can be added to this product.Operation steps: ● Insect cell protein extraction1. Collect cells by low-speed centrifugation. Add 10 to every 1 ml of Bacterial Protein Extraction Agent µ The Protein Inhibitor Cocktail is 1 x working fluid.2. Weigh the wet weight of the cells and add 1 x working solution at a rate of 10 ml/g.3. After resuspension, incubate on ice for 20 minutes (the ice storage time should be adjusted according to different cell types).Centrifuge at 4.15000 × g for 15 minutes to isolate soluble proteins. ● Extraction of soluble bacterial proteins 1. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at a rate of 5000 × g and collect the bacterial cells.2. Optional steps: Add 1 ml of Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagent every 1 ml µ DNase I (1000 U/ml), 2 µ Lysozyme (50 mg/ml) and 10 µ Protein Inhibitor Cocktail, vortex oscillation and mixing. 3. Add 20 ml of Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagent to each gram of bacterial precipitate, and add the extraction solution to the bacterial precipitate. Vortex thoroughly or use a pipette to blow up and down until the bacterial precipitate is completely resuspended.4. After resuspension, incubate at room temperature for 10-15 minutes (the storage time should be adjusted according to different cell types). 5. Centrifuge at 15000 × g for 5 minutes.6. Transfer the supernatant to a new centrifuge tube (the supernatant is soluble protein) for protein quantification and downstream experiments.Note: If the target protein exists in the form of inclusion bodies, inclusion body protein solution can be used for dissolution or expression conditions can be optimized to increase the expression of soluble proteins.Frequently asked questions: Problem Possible reasons Resolvent The target protein is insoluble The target protein is expressed as an inclusion body Optimize expression conditions or add Lysozyme and DNase I to protein extraction reagents using inclusion body protein solution After adding Lysozyme, the target protein has not been extracted yet Temperature too low Restore the reagent to room temperature After adding Lysozyme, the target protein has not been extracted yet Lysozyme Decreased or inactivated activity Add more Lysozymes or replace with new enzymes Extract has high viscosity DNase I Decreased or inactivated activity Add more DNase I or replace with a new DNase I to increase the final concentration of magnesium ions to 2 mM After protein extraction, most of the proteins still exist in the precipitate Excessive protein content Add Lysozyme and DNase I The protein extraction reagent has sediment precipitation Temperature too low Restore the protein extraction reagent to room temperature... Read More | Product introduction：Used to isolate lymphocytes from human organsMatters needing attention：1. samples, reagents and experimental environment in the whole process shall be carried out at 20 ± 2 ℃. In order to obtain the best experimental results, it is best to carry out the Product introduction：Used to isolate lymphocytes from human organsMatters needing attention：1. samples, reagents and experimental environment in the whole process shall be carried out at 20 ± 2 ℃. In order to obtain the best experimental results, it is best to carry out the experiment within 2 h of sampling. The longer the sample is stored, the worse the cell separation effect is. The separation effect is even worse after the sample is placed for more than 6 h, or even cannot achieve the purpose of separation. 2. in this experiment, it is better not to use plastic products with high polymerization materials (such as polystyrene), but use non-static, low static ionization heart tubes and glass products without alkali treatment, because the electrostatic effect will lead to cell adhesion, and the surface of alkali treated glass will become rough, which will affect the effect of cell separation. 3. aspirating too many lymphocyte layers and separation liquid layers will cause the granulocytes at the junction of separation liquid to be aspirated, thus increasing the number of mixed granulocytes. 4. when the amount of separating solution is greater than that of tissue single cell suspension sample, the separation effect is better.Scope of application：Lymphocyte isolation... Read More | Hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species produced through the metabolism of molecular oxygen, serves as both an intracellular signaling messenger and a source of oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide is generated in cells via multiple mechanisms such as the NOX-mediated ROS production by Hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species produced through the metabolism of molecular oxygen, serves as both an intracellular signaling messenger and a source of oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide is generated in cells via multiple mechanisms such as the NOX-mediated ROS production by neutrophils and macrophages (respiratory burst) or by the dismutase of superoxide anions produced as a result of electron leak during mitochondrial respiration. Abnormal hydrogen peroxide production contributes to oxidative cell damage and the progression of diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and neurodegeneration.Intracellular hydrogen peroxide assay kit has been used to measure intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels... Read More | Inquire |