| Description | Chloroplast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a key enzyme in the Calvin cycle. Detection Principle: Chloroplast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the reaction of 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ATP to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. The latter, under the action of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Chloroplast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a key enzyme in the Calvin cycle. Detection Principle: Chloroplast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the reaction of 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ATP to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. The latter, under the action of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH, produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and NAD⁺. The enzyme activity of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase is determined by measuring the decrease in NADH.Component96TStorageExtraction Buffer 1100 mL2-8℃Extraction Buffer 2100 mL2-8℃Reagent 11EA-20℃. Store in the dark.Reagent 23EA2-8℃Reagent 31EA-20℃Reagent 435 mL2-8℃Reagent 51EA-20℃Reagent Preparation:Reagent 1 (Powder, 1 vial):Before opening, ensure the powder is at the bottom (can be flicked manually).Add 1.1 mL of distilled water to dissolve. Use after preparation.The prepared solution can be stored for the duration of the kit's validity period.Reagent 2 (Powder, 3 vials):Before use, centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 2 minutes to collect the powder at the bottom.Add 0.4 mL of distilled water per vial to dissolve. Use after preparation.Unused dissolved reagent can be aliquoted and stored at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Use within 3 days.Reagent 3 (Powder, 1 vial):Before use, centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 2 minutes to collect the powder at the bottom.Add 1.1 mL of distilled water to dissolve. Use after preparation.The prepared solution can be stored for the duration of the kit's validity period.Reagent 5 (Powder, 1 vial):Before use, centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 2 minutes to collect the powder at the bottom.Add 1.1 mL of distilled water to dissolve. Use after preparation.The prepared solution can be stored for the duration of the kit's validity period.User-Prepared Instruments and MaterialsMortar (Homogenizer), Ice box (Ice maker), Benchtop centrifuge, Adjustable micropipettes, Water bath (Oven, Incubator, Metal bath), 96-well plate, Centrifuge tubes, Microplate reader, Vortex mixer/shaker, Distilled water (Deionized water or Ultrapure water are acceptable).Experimental ProcedureIt is recommended to first perform a preliminary test using 1-3 samples with expected significant differences (e.g., different types or groups) to familiarize yourself with the procedure and to determine or adjust sample concentrations based on the preliminary results, preventing unnecessary waste of samples or reagents.1. Sample Extraction (Chloroplast Isolation)Weigh approximately 0.1 g of plant tissue sample. Add 1 mL of Extraction Buffer 1 and homogenize rapidly in an ice bath. Centrifuge at 1,600 rpm, 4°C for 5 minutes. Discard the pellet. Take the supernatant and centrifuge again at 5,000 rpm, 4°C for 15 minutes. Discard the supernatant and keep the pellet. Add 1 mL of Extraction Buffer 2 to the pellet. Vortex vigorously for 15 seconds. Place on ice (or in a refrigerator) and incubate at 4°C for 15 minutes. Centrifuge at 13,000 rpm, 4°C for 5 minutes. Collect the supernatant for assaying the chloroplast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) enzyme activity.Important: The entire chloroplast extraction process must be maintained at 4°C.Note: If increasing the sample amount, maintain a tissue mass (g) to Extraction Buffer volume (mL) ratio between 1:5 and 1:10.2. Assay Steps2.1 Preheat the microplate reader for 30 minutes. Set the wavelength to 340 nm and the temperature to 25°C.2.2 Thaw all reagents to room temperature (25°C).2.3 Add reagents sequentially to a 96-well plate:ReagentTest Well (µL)Sample20Reagent 110Reagent 210Reagent 310Reagent 4140Mix well and incubate at room temperature (25°C) for 10 minutes.Reagent 510Mix gently. Under room temperature (25°C) conditions, read the absorbance at 340 nm at 30 seconds (A₁) and then again after 10 minutes (A₂). Calculate ΔA = A₁ - A₂.注：Notes:(1) If ΔA is close to zero, the reaction time can be appropriately extended to 20 minutes before reading A₂. If the reaction time is changed, the new time (T) must be substituted into the calculation formula. Alternatively, the sample volume can be increased (e.g., to 40 µL, with a corresponding decrease in Reagent 4 volume); the new sample volume (V₁) must then be substituted into the calculation formula.(2) If the decrease trend is unstable, read the absorbance every 20 seconds and select a linearly decreasing time period for calculation. The corresponding A values for this period should be used to calculate ΔA and substituted into the formula.(3) If the initial absorbance A₁ is too high (e.g., >2, as in dark green plant leaves with high pigment content), consider appropriately reducing the sample volume; the new sample volume (V₁) must be substituted into the calculation formula. Alternatively, add a small amount of activated carbon to the sample, mix, let stand for 5 minutes, then centrifuge at 12,000 rpm, 4°C for 10 minutes, and use the supernatant for assay.(4) If ΔA is greater than 0.5, reduce the reaction time (e.g., to 5 minutes) or reduce the sample volume (e.g., to 10 µL). The changed reaction time (T) and/or sample volume (V₁) must be substituted into the calculation formula.3. Calculation of Results3.1 Based on Sample MassUnit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that consumes 1 nmol of NADH per minute per gram of tissue.Derived Formula: chl PGK (nmol/min/g fresh weight) = [ΔA ÷ (ε × d) × V₂ × 10⁹] ÷ (W × V₁ ÷ V) ÷ TSimplified Formula: chl PGK (nmol/min/g fresh weight) = 321.6 × ΔA ÷ W3.2 Based on Sample Protein ConcentrationUnit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that oxidizes 1 nmol of NADH per minute per mg of tissue protein.Derived Formula: chl PGK (nmol/min/mg prot) = [ΔA ÷ (ε × d) × V₂ × 10⁹] ÷ (V₁ × Cpr) ÷ TSimplified Formula: chl PGK (nmol/min/mg prot) = 321.6 × ΔA ÷ CprParameter Definitions:ε: Molar extinction coefficient of NADH (6.22 × 10³ L/mol/cm)d: Light path length for the 96-well plate (0.5 cm)V: Volume of Extraction Buffer added to the pellet (1 mL)V₁: Volume of sample added to the reaction (0.02 mL)V₂: Total volume of the reaction system (0.2 mL = 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ L)T: Reaction time (10 minutes)W: Sample weight (g)Cpr: Sample protein concentration (mg/mL); Aladdin's BCA Protein Quantification Kit (B665595) or Ready-to-Use BCA Protein Quantification Kit (R1491648) is recommended.Precautions It is strongly recommended to first perform a preliminary test using 1-3 samples with expected significant differences (e.g., different types or groups) to familiarize yourself with the procedure. Based on the preliminary results, determine or adjust sample concentrations to prevent unnecessary waste of samples or reagents... Read More | B665530 Component 50 T 200 T Storage B665530A Buffer RCL 125 mL 2×260 mL 2-8℃ B665530B Buffer GR 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530C Buffer GL 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530D Buffer GW1 (concentrate) 13 mL 52 mL RT B665530E Buffer GW2 (concentrate) 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530F Buffer GE 15 mL 60 mL RT B665530G B665530 Component 50 T 200 T Storage B665530A Buffer RCL 125 mL 2×260 mL 2-8℃ B665530B Buffer GR 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530C Buffer GL 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530D Buffer GW1 (concentrate) 13 mL 52 mL RT B665530E Buffer GW2 (concentrate) 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530F Buffer GE 15 mL 60 mL RT B665530G Proteinase K 1.25 mL 4×1.25 mL RT B665530H Spin Columns DM with Collection Tubes 50 sets 200 sets RTProduct IntroductionThis reagent kit is suitable for extracting total DNA, including genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and viral DNA, from fresh or frozen whole blood (blood samples treated with anticoagulants such as citrate, EDTA, or heparin), plasma, serum, erythrocyte sedimentation rate brown layer, lymphocytes, cell-free body fluids, and other samples. This product can process 0.1-1 mL of whole blood with a maximum yield of 30% µ g. It can purify DNA with sizes ranging from 100 bp to 50 kb. The purified DNA has high yield and good quality, and can remove protein, pigment, lipid, and other inhibitory impurities to the maximum extent. It can be directly used for PCR, fluorescence quantitative PCR, enzyme digestion, and Southern Blot experiments.Self prepared reagent: anhydrous ethanol.Preparation and important precautions before the experiment:1. The sample should avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, otherwise it may result in smaller extracted DNA fragments and a decrease in extraction volume.2. This reagent kit can extract up to 0.1-1 mL of whole blood samples or 1 × 107 white blood cells.3.Before the first use, anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer GW1 and Buffer GW2 according to the instructions on the reagent bottle label.4. Before use, please check if there is any crystallization or precipitation in the Buffer GL. If there is any crystallization or precipitation, please incubate the Buffer GL in a 56 ℃ water bath and dissolve it again.5. The Buffer RCL in the reagent kit cannot be used again after being turbid.Operation steps:1. Sample processing: 1a When extracting 200 uL of blood sample, add the sample to the centrifuge tube (provided) and proceed directly to the next step of the experiment. 1b When the blood sample size is less than 200 µ When L, add Buffer GR to make up for 200 µ L. Proceed to the next step of the experiment. 1c When the blood sample size exceeds 200 µ When L is reached, add 1-2 times the volume of Buffer RCL, gently vortex or invert and mix well. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute and carefully discard the supernatant. If there is still red in the sediment, repeat the above steps once. Then add 200 to the precipitate µ Shake the buffer GR until thoroughly mixed before proceeding to the next step of the experiment. 1d If the processed blood sample is anticoagulant from poultry, birds, amphibians, or lower level organisms, its red blood cells are nucleated cells, and the blood sample size is 5-20 µ L. Can be added to Buffer GR to make up to 200 µ Follow up experiments will be conducted afterwards. Note: If downstream experiments are sensitive to RNA, 4 can be added µ L RNase A (100mg/mL) solution, shake for 15 seconds, and leave at room temperature for 5 minutes. RNase A reagent kit is not provided. If needed, you can order it separately from our company, item number: CW0601S.2. Add 20 to the above solution µ L Protein K, mix well.3. Add 200 µ Shake with L Buffer GL until thoroughly mixed. Note: Do not pre mix Protein K and Buffer GL.4.Incubate at 4.56 ℃ for 10 minutes, invert and mix several times during this time. Attention: The DNA production has reached its maximum after 10 minutes of incubation, and further extension of incubation time has no effect on DNA production and purity.5. Add 200 µ L anhydrous ethanol, invert and mix several times. Short centrifugation causes the liquid on the tube wall and wall cover to concentrate at the bottom of the tube.6. Add all the solution obtained in step 5 to the spin columns DM that have been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.7. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW1 (check if anhydrous ethanol is added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube. Note: If the extracted sample is the blood genome of species such as mice or monkeys that are difficult to remove heme, it is recommended to repeat step 7.8. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol is added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube. Note: To further improve DNA purity, repeat step 8.9.Centrifuge at 9.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry. Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.)10. Place the adsorption column in a new centrifuge tube (provided by oneself) and add 50-200 to the middle of the adsorption column in the air µ L Buffer GE or sterilized water, leave at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect DNA solution, and store DNA at -20 ℃. Note: 1) If downstream experiments are sensitive to pH or EDTA, they can be washed off with sterilized water. The pH value of the eluent has a significant impact on the elution efficiency. If water is used as the eluent, its pH value should be ensured to be between 7.0-8.5 (NaOH can be used to adjust the pH value of the water to this range). When the pH value is below 7.0, the elution efficiency is not high. 2) If the final concentration of DNA needs to be increased, the obtained DNA eluent can be added back to the adsorption membrane, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 minute. 3) Because DNA stored in water is affected by acidic hydrolysis, if long-term storage is required, it is recommended to elute with Buffer GE and store at -20 ℃... Read More | The content of this cell is too long for an XLSX file (more than 32767 characters). Please use the CSV format for this export | Product content R669871Component50 TStorageR669871ADNase I1000 U-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.R669871B10×Reaction Buffer1mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. R669871CBuffer DS30 mLRTR669871DBuffer GTL15 mLRTR669871EBuffer GL25 mLRTR669871FProteinase K12.5 mgRTR669871GProteinase K Product content R669871Component50 TStorageR669871ADNase I1000 U-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.R669871B10×Reaction Buffer1mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. R669871CBuffer DS30 mLRTR669871DBuffer GTL15 mLRTR669871EBuffer GL25 mLRTR669871FProteinase K12.5 mgRTR669871GProteinase K Storage Buffer1.25 mLRTR669871HBuffer RW140 mLRTR669871IBuffer RW2 (concentrate)11 mLRTR669871JRNase-Free Water10 mLRTR669871KSpin Columns RS with Collection Tubes50 setsRTR669871LRNase-Free Centrifuge Tubes (1.5 mL)50 EART Product IntroductionThis kit is suitable for effectively purifying total RNA from formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. Suitable for extracting total RNA with improved purity from paraffin embedded tissues or sections less than 30mg. This kit does not require the use of phenol/chloroform extraction or isopropanol precipitation, and can complete the extraction of multiple samples within one hour. This product uses specially optimized lysis solution and protease K to release RNA from formalin fixed or tissue slice samples without overnight operation; After digestion, the sample is incubated at a higher temperature to remove the inhibitory effect caused by formalin cross-linking, effectively releasing RNA from tissue slices and avoiding endangering RNA integrity; The optimized buffer system allows RNA in the lysis solution to specifically bind to the silica gel adsorption membrane, while other pollutants can flow through the membrane; It can be effectively removed through rinsing steps, and the washed RNA can be directly used for experiments such as RT-PCR, Real Time PCR, and Western blot analysis.Self prepared reagents: anhydrous ethanol (newly opened or dedicated for RNA extraction), 10mM PBS (pH 7.4).Preparation and important precautions before the experiment1. Add 0.625ml Protein K Storage Buffer to Protein K to dissolve it and store at -20 ℃. The prepared Protein K should not be left at room temperature for a long time to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, which may affect its activity.2. To prevent RNase pollution, attention should be paid to the following aspects:1) Use RNase free plastic products and gun heads to avoid cross contamination.2) Glassware should be dry baked at a high temperature of 180 ℃ for 4 hours before use, while plastic containers can be soaked in 0.5M NaOH for 10 minutes, thoroughly rinsed with water, and then sterilized under high pressure.3) Prepare the solution using water without RNase.4) Operators should wear disposable masks and gloves, and change gloves frequently during the experiment.3. After obtaining the sample, it should be fixed in 4% -10% formalin as soon as possible, with a suitable fixation time of 14-24 hours. Excessive time can lead to RNA breakage and affect downstream experiments.4. Ensure that the sample before embedding is thoroughly dehydrated, as residual formalin will inhibit the action of Protein K.5. Before the first use, anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer RW2 according to the instructions on the reagent bottle label.Before use, please check if there is any crystallization or precipitation in Buffer GTL, Buffer GL, and Buffer DS. If there is any crystallization or precipitation, please dissolve Buffer GTL, Buffer GL, and Buffer DS again in a 56 ℃ water bath.Operation steps1. Sample processing1a. Paraffin embedded sample: Use a surgical knife to trim off excess paraffin from the tissue block, expose the tissue, and cut into 5-10 µ m thin slices.Attention: If the surface of the sample has already been exposed to air, please discard 2-3 pieces that come into contact with the air and do not use them.1b. Samples in fixed solutions such as formalin: Take approximately 20mg of the sample, cut it into small pieces, place it in a centrifuge tube, and add 500 µ 10mM PBS (PH7.4), vortex oscillation, centrifugation at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute, discard the supernatant, repeat 3 times, and proceed directly to step 3.2. Choose option A or option B to remove paraffinOption AA1. Take approximately 1 × 1cm2 of slices (4-5 slices in total) and place them in a centrifuge tube (prepared by oneself), then add 500 slices µ L Buffer DS, vortex oscillation for 10 seconds. Incubate at 56 ° C for 3 minutes.Centrifuge at A2.12000 rpm for 2 minutes, be careful to discard the supernatant and avoid attracting sediment.Option BB1. Take approximately 4-5 slices of approximately 1 × 1 cm2 and place them in a centrifuge tube (self prepared). Add 1ml of xylene, cover the tube tightly, and vortex for 10 seconds.B2.Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 2 minutes, be careful to remove the supernatant and avoid removing sediment.B3. Add 1ml of anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake well. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 2 minutes, discard the supernatant, and be careful not to absorb or discard the sediment.B4. Open the tube cover and incubate at room temperature or up to 37 ° C for 10 minutes until there is no ethanol residue.3. Add 150µ L Buffer GTL, resuspended precipitation; Join 10µl Protein K, vortex oscillation mixing.4.Incubate at 56 ℃ for 15 minutes until the sample is completely dissolved. Incubate at 80 ℃ for 15 minutes. Short centrifugation allows the solution on the tube wall to be collected to the bottom of the tube.Note: 1) The purpose of this step is to repair nucleic acids denatured by formaldehyde. Incubating at a high temperature or for too long may cause RNA breakage, resulting in RNA fragments.2) The sample incubated at 56 ℃ can be placed at room temperature until the temperature of the water or dry bath reaches 80 ℃, and then the sample can be incubated at 80 ℃.5. Place on ice for 3 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes, transfer the supernatant to a new centrifuge tube, be careful not to suck sediment.6. Add 320 to the supernatant µ L Buffer GL, vortex oscillation thoroughly mixed.7. Join 720 µ Mix anhydrous ethanol thoroughly with vortex oscillation.Attention: After adding anhydrous ethanol, there may be a small amount of precipitate precipitation, but it does not affect subsequent operations.8. Add all the solutions obtained in step 7 to the spin columns RS that have been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.Optional steps: If genomic DNA needs to be removed, the following steps can be followeda. Add 350 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer RW1, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid, and place the adsorption column back into the recovery manifold.b. Preparation of DNase I mixture: Take 52 µ Add 8 RNase Free Water to it µ 10 x Reaction Buffer and 20 µ DNase I (1U/ µ l) Mix well and prepare to a final volume of 80 µ The reaction solution of L.c. Add 80 µ l of DNase I mixture directly to the adsorption column and incubate at 20-30 ℃ for 15 minutes.d. Add 350 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer RW1, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid, and place the adsorption column back into the recovery manifold.9. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ Buffer RW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.10. Repeat step 9.Centrifuge at 11.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry.Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which will affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.).12. Place the adsorption column in a new RNase free centrifuge tube, and add 20-50µl to the middle of the adsorption column in the air Place RNase Free Water at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect RNA solution, and store RNA at -20 ℃.Note: 1) The volume of RNase Free Water should not be less than 20 µ l. Small volume affects the recovery rate. 2) If you want to increase RNA production, you can use 20-50 µ Repeat step 12 for the new RNase Free Water.3) If you want to increase the RNA concentration, you can add the obtained solution back to the adsorption column and repeat step 12... Read More | DescriptionMetathesis: Ruthenium-Based Metathesis CatalystsRuthenium metathesis catalysts kit I consists of 9 samples of Grubbs 1st and 2nd generation catalysts. These catalysts have applications in ring-closing and ring-opening metathesis, cross-metathesis, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (DescriptionMetathesis: Ruthenium-Based Metathesis CatalystsRuthenium metathesis catalysts kit I consists of 9 samples of Grubbs 1st and 2nd generation catalysts. These catalysts have applications in ring-closing and ring-opening metathesis, cross-metathesis, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and enyne metathesis.Metathesis: Ruthenium-Based Metathesis Catalysts... Read More |