| Description | Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) is widely found in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. It is the primary H₂O₂-scavenging enzyme and plays a crucial role in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. H₂O₂ has a characteristic absorption peak at 240 nm. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) is widely found in animals, plants, microorganisms, and cultured cells. It is the primary H₂O₂-scavenging enzyme and plays a crucial role in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. H₂O₂ has a characteristic absorption peak at 240 nm. CAT decomposes H₂O₂, causing the absorbance of the reaction solution at 240 nm to decrease over time. The CAT activity can be calculated based on the rate of change in absorbance.Component50TStorageExtraction Buffer60 mL2-8℃Working Solution60 mL2-8℃User-Prepared Instruments and ReagentsUV spectrophotometer, benchtop centrifuge, adjustable pipettes, 1 mL quartz cuvette, mortar, ice, and distilled water.Experimental Procedure1. Crude Enzyme Extract Preparation1.1 Bacterial/Cell SamplesCollect bacteria or cells into a centrifuge tube, centrifuge, and discard the supernatant. Use a bacteria/cell count (10⁴) to Extraction Buffer volume (mL) ratio between 500:1 and 1000:1 (recommended: 5 million bacteria/cells in 1 mL Extraction Buffer). Disrupt the bacteria or cells by sonication (ice bath, power 20% or 200W, pulse 3s on, 10s off, repeat 30 times). Centrifuge at 8,000 g, 4°C for 10 minutes. Collect the supernatant and keep it on ice for assay.1.2 Tissue SamplesUse a tissue mass (g) to Extraction Buffer volume (mL) ratio between 1:5 and 1:10 (recommended: weigh approx. 0.1 g tissue, add 1 mL Extraction Buffer). Homogenize in an ice bath. Centrifuge at 8,000 g, 4°C for 10 minutes. Collect the supernatant and keep it on ice for assay.1.3 Serum (Plasma) SamplesAssay directly.2. Assay Steps2.1 Preheat the spectrophotometer for at least 30 minutes. Set the wavelength to 240 nm. Zero the instrument with distilled water.2.2 Before assay, incubate the CAT Working Solution in a water bath at 37°C (for mammals) or 25°C (for other species) for 10 minutes.2.3 Add 35 µL of sample and 1 mL of Working Solution into a 1 mL quartz cuvette. Mix well and immediately measure the initial absorbance at 240 nm (A₁). Measure the absorbance again after 1 minute (A₂). Calculate ΔA = A₁ - A₂.3. CAT Activity Calculation3.1 Calculation of CAT Activity in Serum (Plasma)Unit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that catalyzes the degradation of 1 nmol of H₂O₂ per minute per milliliter of serum (plasma).Derived Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/mL) = [ΔA × Vtotal reaction÷ (ε × d) × 10⁹] ÷ Vsample÷ TSimplified Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/mL) = 678 × ΔA3.2 Calculation of CAT Activity in Tissues, Bacteria, or Cells(1) Based on Sample Protein ConcentrationUnit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that catalyzes the degradation of 1 nmol of H₂O₂ per minute per milligram of tissue protein.Derived Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/mg prot) = [ΔA × Vtotal reaction÷ (ε × d) × 10⁹] ÷ (Vsample× Cpr) ÷ TSimplified Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/mg prot) = 678 × ΔA ÷ Cpr(2) Based on Sample Fresh WeightUnit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that catalyzes the degradation of 1 nmol of H₂O₂ per minute per gram of tissue.Derived Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/g fresh weight) = [ΔA × Vtotal reaction÷ (ε × d) × 10⁹] ÷ (W × Vsample÷ Vtotal sample) ÷ TSimplified Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/g fresh weight) = 678 × ΔA ÷ W(3) Based on Bacterial or Cell DensityUnit Definition: One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount that catalyzes the degradation of 1 nmol of H₂O₂ per minute per 10⁴ bacteria or cells.Derived Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/10⁴ cells) = [ΔA × Vtotal reaction÷ (ε × d) × 10⁹] ÷ (500 × Vsample÷ Vtotal sample) ÷ TSimplified Formula:CAT Activity (nmol/min/10⁴ cells) = 1.356 × ΔAParameter Definitions:1.ΔA: Change in absorbance (A₁ - A₂)2.Vtotal reaction: Total reaction volume (1.035 × 10⁻³ L)3.ε: Molar extinction coefficient of H₂O₂ (4.36 × 10⁴ L/mol/cm)4.d: Light path length of the cuvette (1 cm)5.10⁹: Unit conversion factor (1 mole = 10⁹ nmoles)6.Vsample: Volume of sample added to the reaction (0.035 mL)7.T: Reaction time (1 min)8.Cpr: Sample protein concentration (mg/mL)9.W: Sample weight (g)10.Vtotal sample: Total volume of extraction buffer added (1 mL)11.500: Total number of bacteria or cells (5 million)Precautions1.Before formal testing, it is essential to perform a preliminary test with 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences.2.This product is for research use only. Not for use in clinical diagnosis.Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)Q: What should I do if I get a negative value?A: Check if bubbles formed during the reaction. Excessive bubbling indicates very high enzyme activity, and bubbles can interfere, causing negative values. Try diluting the sample 10-fold with Extraction Buffer and re-assaying. If no bubbles form (with diluted sample or original reaction) and a small negative value persists, it indicates that the enzyme activity in this sample is below the detection limit... Read More | Cell proliferation detection is a basic experimental method to evaluate the health of cells, genotoxicity and the effect of antitumor drugs. The most accurate method to detect cell proliferation is the BrdU method. Edu detection kit is a revolutionary breakthrough of BrdU method. Edu (5-ethynyl-2 '-Cell proliferation detection is a basic experimental method to evaluate the health of cells, genotoxicity and the effect of antitumor drugs. The most accurate method to detect cell proliferation is the BrdU method. Edu detection kit is a revolutionary breakthrough of BrdU method. Edu (5-ethynyl-2 '- deoxyuridine) is a pyrimidine analog that integrates into the DNA duplex during DNA synthesis. Edu detection is based on the "click" reaction. A copper catalyzed azide reacts covalently with alkynes to form covalent bonds. In this kit, edu contains alkynes, Aladdin ® 488 / 555/594/647a azide dyes contain azide compounds. The edu labeling proliferation of click method is rapid and effective, and easy to use. BrdU method requires DNA denaturation (such as acid denaturation, thermal denaturation or digestion with DNase) to expose BrdU, so as to facilitate BrdU antibody binding; The edu method only needs paraformaldehyde fixation and Triton X-100 penetration to make the detection reagent enter the cells, and only a small amount of azide dye is needed to label the integrated edu very effectively. This kit contains all components required for edu method detection, and can be used for proliferation detection of cultured cells in vitro. Component：Product parameters： 590/617 nm Instruction：Experimental materials (self provided). 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2-7.6. 4% paraformaldehyde fixing solution (in PBS)Propensive reagent (0.5% Triton X -100 in PBS). 2 mg/mL glycine solution (in ddH2O). 3% BSA in PBS, pH 7.2-7.6. 1% BSA in PBS, pH 7.2-7.6. ddH2O. 96/24/12/6 well culture plate or dishFluorescence microscopy detection method1. Cell cultureTake logarithmic growth stage cells and inoculate them into a 96 well plate with 4 × 103-1 × 105 cells per well (the number and density of cells can be adjusted according to cell size, growth rate, and specific requirements of experimental treatment), and culture until normal growth stage.2. Drug treatmentPerform various drug treatments according to experimental needs.3. EdU marking(1) Dilute EdU solution (component A) in a certain proportion with complete cell culture medium to an appropriate concentration, then add it to the cells and mix well; Set up a negative control group without EdU treatment.Note: The labeling concentration of EdU needs to be adjusted according to cell type, and it is recommended to explore with an initial concentration of 10 µ M. In the pre experiment, it is recommended to set an EdU concentration gradient, which can be referred to in Tables 2 and 3.(2) Incubate in a cell culture incubator for 2 hours.Note: The optimal incubation time is related to the cell cycle. Most tumor cell lines can use a 2-hour incubation time, as shown in Appendix 2. The concentration of EdU is related to incubation time,Short term incubation (<2 hours) should use high concentrations, such as 10-50 µ M; Long term incubation (>24 hours) should use low concentrations, such as 1-10 µ M; You can also refer to Appendix 3.4. Cell fixation and permeation promotionNote: For experiments that require cell surface antigen labeling, it can be considered to wash the cells twice with a 3% BSA washing solution after completing EdU incubation, before cell fixation and permeation promotion.(1) After incubation, remove the culture medium. Wash cells twice with 1X PBS for 5 minutes each time to remove EdU residues that have not been incorporated into DNA. Cells with weak adhesion can reduce cleaning intensity. Join 50 µ After incubating at room temperature for 20 minutes with 4% paraformaldehyde fixative, remove the fixative.(2) Add 50 to each hole µ L 2 mg/mL glycine solution, incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes, and neutralize the remaining fixed solution.(3) At a rate of 100 per hole µ Wash cells twice with 3% BSA.(4) Remove the washing solution and add 100 µ L 0.5% Triton X -100, incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes.5. EdU detectionNote: Each sample in this reference step uses 100 µ The working fluid of L can be adjusted by users according to their own sample situation.(1) Prepare 1 x Click iT EdU reaction buffer (component C): Dilute component C 10 times with ddH2O.(2) Configure 5 x Click iT EdU buffer additives (component E): add 300 µ Mix L of ddH2O into a 30 mg E component tube (final concentration of 100 mg/mL) until completely dissolved. After use, the remaining storage solution is stored at -20 ℃ and can be stored for one year. Once the solution turns brown, it indicates that the active ingredients have degraded and cannot be reused.Note: Different specifications of component E are dissolved in ddH2O according to this ratio, and prepared into a 5 x storage solution for future use.(3) Prepare 1 x Click iT EdU buffer additive: Dilute 5 x Click iT EdU buffer additive with ddH2O to 1 x, and the solution should be prepared and used immediately.(4) Prepare Click it working solution according to Table 1.Table 1 Click it working fluid Reaction components Taking the sample size of 10 holes as an example 1 x Click it EdU reaction buffer 855 µL CuSO4 (component D) 40 µL YF® 488/555/594/647A Azide(Component B) 5 µL 1 x Click it EdU buffer additive 100 µL Total volume 1 mL (5) Remove penetration enhancer, 100 per well µ Wash twice with 3% BSA washing solution of L.(6) Add 100 to each hole µ L Click iT working solution, evenly covering cells.(7) Incubate at room temperature in dark for 30 minutes.(8) Remove Click-iT working fluid and add 100 µ After washing cells twice with 3% BSA, remove the washing solution and add 100 µ L PBS keeps cells moist. If there are no other special requirements, photography analysis can be carried out.6. DNA re staining (optional)(1) Using 100 µ Wash the cells once with PBS and remove the washing solution.(2) Dilute Hoechst 33342 (component F) 2000 times with PBS.(3) Add 100 to each hole µ Incubate L 1 x Hoechst 33342 solution at room temperature in dark for 15-30 minutes.(4) Remove Hoechst 33342 solution and use 100 µ Wash cells twice with PBS.7. Imaging and analysisIt is recommended to take fluorescence microscopy photos immediately after staining is completed for observation; If conditions permit, please store in a dark and moist environment at 4 ° C for 3 days before taking photos. Flow cytometry detection method1. Cell cultureInoculate 1 × 105~3 × 106 cells per well into a 6-well plate.2. Drug treatmentPerform various drug treatments according to experimental needs.3. EdU labeled cells(1) Dilute EdU solution (component A) in a certain proportion with complete cell culture medium to an appropriate concentration, then add it to the cells and mix well; Set up a negative control group without EdU treatment.Note: The labeling concentration of EdU needs to be adjusted according to cell type, and it is recommended to explore with an initial concentration of 10 µ M. In the pre experiment, it is recommended to set an EdU concentration gradient, which can be referred to in Tables 2 and 3.(2) Incubate in a cell culture incubator for 2 hours. The time of EdU incubation of cells can be directly used as an indicator for measuring cell DNA synthesis, and the choice of time point and incubation time depend on the cell growth rate. Pulse labeled cells incubated with brief EdU can be used to study cell cycle dynamics.Note: The optimal incubation time is related to the cell cycle. Most tumor cell lines can use a 2-hour incubation time, as shown in Appendix 2. The concentration of EdU is related to the incubation time, and high concentrations, such as 10-50, should be used for short-term incubation (<2 hours) µ M; Long term incubation (>24 hours) should use low concentrations, such as 1-10 µ M; You can also refer to Appendix 3.4. Cell fixation and permeation promotionNote: For experiments that require cell surface antigen labeling, it can be considered to wash cells twice with 1% BSA after completing EdU incubation, before cell fixation and permeation promotion.(1) After incubation, collect cells, add 1 mL of PBS to each tube to clean the cells, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and discard the supernatant to remove EdU residue that has not been added to DNA.(2) Add 1 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde fixative to each tube to resuspend cells.(3) Incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and discard the supernatant.(4) Add 1 mL of 2 mg/mL glycine to each tube and incubate for 5 minutes. Neutralize the remaining fixed solution, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and discard the supernatant. Add 1 mL of PBS to each tube for cleaning once, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and discard the supernatant.(5) Add 1mL of 0.5% Triton X-100 osmotic enhancer to each tube and resuspend cells. Incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes.5. EdU detectionNote: For 6-well plate samples, reference can be made to 1 mL of working solution per well. Users can adjust the dosage according to their own sample situation.(1) Prepare 1 x Click iT EdU reaction buffer: Dilute component C 10 times with ddH2O.(2) Prepare 5 x Click iT EdU buffer additives (component E): Add 300 µ L ddH2O to 30 mg of component E in a test tube (final concentration 100 mg/mL), mix well until completely dissolved. After use, the remaining storage solution is stored at -20 ℃ and can be stored for one year. Once the solution turns brown, it indicates that the active ingredients have degraded and cannot be reused.Note: Different specifications of component E are dissolved in ddH2O according to this ratio to form 5 x storage solution for future use.(3) Prepare 1 x Click iT EdU buffer additive: Dilute 5 x Click iT EdU buffer additive storage solution with ddH2O to 1 x, and the solution should be prepared and used immediately.(4) Prepare Click it working solution according to Table 2.Table 2 Click it working fluid Reaction components Volume of liquid required for a single reaction 1×Click-iT EdU reaction buffer 875 µL CuSO4 (component D) 20 µL YF® 488/555/594/647A Azide(Component B) 5 µL 1×Click-iT EdU buffer additive 100 µL Total volume 1 mL (5) Soak at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard the supernatant, remove the enhancer, add 1mL of 1% BSA washing solution to each tube and wash twice. Soak at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard the supernatant.(6) Add 1 mL of Click iT working solution to each tube and mix well.(7) Incubate at room temperature in dark for 30 minutes.(8) Soak at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard the staining reaction solution, add 1% BSA to each tube to wash the cells twice, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard the supernatant, and resuspend the cells again with 1 mL of 1% BSA (the volume of resuspend cells can be adjusted according to the number of cells), and detect with a flow cytometer.Note: If other biomarker tests are required, please refer to step 4.6. Intracellular antigen labeling (optional steps)(1) Add antibody working solution and mix well.(2) Under dark conditions, incubate antibodies at appropriate temperature and time.7. Flow detection and analysis:(1) It is recommended to conduct flow cytometry testing immediately after dyeing is completed; If conditions are limited, please store in a dark place at 4 ℃ for testing, but it should not exceed 3 days.(2) It is recommended to test the number of cells up to one million levels as much as possible. If the number of cells is small, the number of cells tested can be adjusted to 100000 levels starting from the experiment. For cases where the cell yield is too low (just to the level of ten thousand), it may not be conducive to making a flow chart. Therefore, the cleaning frequency in step 5 (8) can be appropriately reduced.Matters needing attention：1. please centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube immediately before use, and then conduct subsequent experiments. 2. fluorescent dyes have quenching problems. Please try to avoid light during experimental operation to slow down fluorescence quenching. 3. click it edu buffer additive solution should be prepared and used immediately to ensure the best results. 4. for your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.Scope of application：Cell proliferation detection (cell imaging flow universal)... Read More | Product Content D669986Component50 TStorageD669986ABuffer SA15 mLRTD669986B2×PCR MasterMix1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.D669986CProteinase K12.5 mgRTD669986DProteinase K Storage Buffer1.25 mLRTProductsThis kit adopts a unique buffer system containing all the reagents for rapid Product Content D669986Component50 TStorageD669986ABuffer SA15 mLRTD669986B2×PCR MasterMix1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.D669986CProteinase K12.5 mgRTD669986DProteinase K Storage Buffer1.25 mLRTProductsThis kit adopts a unique buffer system containing all the reagents for rapid preparation of genomic DNA and PCR amplification, and is suitable for one-step extraction of genomic DNA from various plant and animal tissues and bacteria and for PCR amplification. The whole extraction process does not require liquid nitrogen grinding, organic solvent extraction, anhydrous ethanol precipitation, and the quality of extracted DNA is stable. The 2×PCR MasterMix provided in this kit is a highly compatible PCR reagent that can amplify DNA samples efficiently and specifically, which includes DNA polymerase, dNTPs, MgCl2, reaction buffer, PCR reaction enhancer and so on. It is characterized by fast and easy, high sensitivity, high specificity, good stability, etc. It is especially suitable for high throughput screening.Pre-experiment Preparation and Important Notes1. Add the specified amount of Proteinase K Storage Buffer to Proteinase K to dissolve it and store it at -20℃. Do not leave the prepared Proteinase K at room temperature for a long time, and avoid repeated freezing and thawing to avoid affecting its activity.2. Repeated freezing and thawing of the samples should be avoided, as this will result in smaller DNA fragments and a decrease in the amount of extracted DNA.3. Before use, please check Buffer SA for crystallization or precipitation. If crystallization or precipitation occurs, please re-dissolve Buffer SA in a 56℃ water bath.4. The PCR MasterMix provided with this product is 2×, when using it, you need to add template and primer, and add RNase-Free Water to make up the volume, so that its concentration is 1× to carry out the reaction.Procedure1. Fetch:Plant material: take about 10 mg of sample in a centrifuge tube (provided); Animal material: take about 10 mg of sample in a centrifuge tube (provided);Bacteria: Take 200-800 µL of bacteria in good growth condition in a centrifuge tube (self-provided) and collect the bacteria.2. Add 200 µL of Buffer SA and vortex to mix.Note: In the case of plant leaves and animal tissues, they should be ground with a pestle and mortar as much as possible: in the case of plant seeds, they should be crushed and finely ground beforehand; bacterial and 1-3 mm rat-tail samples can be directly vortex lysed.3. Add 10µL of Proteinase K, mix well, incubate at 56℃ for 10 minutes, and treat at 95℃ for 5 minutes.Note: 1) In the case of animal tissue samples, the incubation time at 56°C may be extended to 30 minutes as appropriate; if there is any incompletely digested tissue, it should be removed as thoroughly as possible after centrifugation in the next step.2) Be careful not to exceed 5 minutes when treating at 95°C.4. 13,000 rpm (~17,900 x g), centrifugation for 5 minutes.5. Transfer the supernatant to a new centrifuge tube (self-prepared) and use it directly for PCR amplification, or store the solution at 4℃ or -20℃.6. PCR amplification:1) PCR reaction system:The following examples are conventional PCR reaction systems and reaction conditions, which should be improved and optimized according to the template, primer structure and target fragment size in actual operation.reagents20 µL systemfinal concentration2×PCR MasterMix10 µL1×Forward Primer, 10 µM1 µL0.4 µMReverse Primer, 10 µM1 µL0.4 µMTemplate DNA1-2 µL RNase-free Waterup to 20 µLNote: Please use the final concentration of 0.2-0.6µM as a reference for setting the range of primer concentration. If the amplification efficiency is not high, the concentration of primer can be increased; if a non-specific reaction occurs, the concentration of primer can be decreased, thus optimizing the reaction system.2）PCR reaction conditions:movetemptimingpremutability94°C2mindenaturation94°C30sannealing (metallurgy)55-65°C30s30-40 cyclesreach72°C60sultimate extension72°C5minNote: 1) In general, the annealing temperature is 5℃ lower than the melting temperature of the amplification primer Tm, and the annealing time is generally 30-60 seconds. When the desired amplification efficiency cannot be obtained, the annealing temperature should be lowered appropriately; when a non-specific reaction occurs, the annealing temperature should be raised, thus optimizing the reaction conditions.(2) The extension time is set according to the size of the fragment to be amplified, and the amplification efficiency of Taq DNA Polymerase included in this product is 1kb/30s. 3) The number of cycles can be set according to the downstream application of the amplification product. If the number of cycles is too low, the amplification is insufficient; if the number of cycles is high, the chance of mismatch will increase and the non-specific background will be serious. Therefore, the number of cycles should be minimized under the premise of ensuring the product yield.(3) Result detection: 5 µL of reaction product was taken at the end of the reaction and directly detected by agarose gel electrophoresis... Read More | FFPE DNA/RNA KitFixed Tissue DNA/RNA Extraction Kit Catalog number: F666120 (50 preps)Storage conditions: DNase I and 10×Reaction Buffer -20℃, Spin Columns DF and Spin Columns RS can be stored at room temperature for 2 months, 2-8℃ for 1 year, the rest of the components are stored FFPE DNA/RNA KitFixed Tissue DNA/RNA Extraction Kit Catalog number: F666120 (50 preps)Storage conditions: DNase I and 10×Reaction Buffer -20℃, Spin Columns DF and Spin Columns RS can be stored at room temperature for 2 months, 2-8℃ for 1 year, the rest of the components are stored at room temperature (15-30℃).Products Content:Products IntroductionThis kit is suitable for the effective purification of genomic DNA and total RNA from paraffin-embedded tissues, using specially optimized deparaffinizing agents and lysates to release DNA and RNA from tissue section samples, without the use of the organic reagent xylene, and without the need for overnight operation; the digested samples are incubated at higher temperatures to remove inhibitors caused by cross-linking, which can effectively improve nucleic acid yields and purity; and an optimized buffer system allows nucleic acids in the lysate to bind specifically to the adsorbent membrane, and inhibitors are effectively removed by a two-step rinsing procedure. The optimized buffer system enables the nucleic acids in the lysate to bind specifically to the adsorbent membrane, and the inhibitors are effectively removed by a two-step rinsing step, and finally eluted with low-salt buffer or water to obtain high purity DNA and RNA, and at the same time, equipped with a high-efficiency microsorbent column, the volume of the elution can be as low as 20 µl. The purified DNA and RNA can be directly used for PCR, Real-time PCR, SNP genotyping, STR genotyping, and so on. The purified DNA and RNA can be directly used for PCR, Real-time PCR, SNP genotyping, STR genotyping, second-generation sequencing, pharmacogenomics research and blot analysis.Self-contained reagent: anhydrous ethanolPre-experiment Preparation and Important Notes 1. After obtaining the sample, fix the sample as soon as possible, the fixation time of 14-24 hours is appropriate, too long a period of time will easily lead toDNA and RNA breaks, affecting downstream experiments. If the formaldehyde fixation time is too long or the sample is stored for too long(>1 year) is prone to compromise DNA integrity and failure to amplify long fragments.2. Ensure that samples are thoroughly dehydrated prior to embedding; residual formalin will inhibit Proteinase K action.3. Add 1.25 ml of Proteinase K Storage Buffer to Proteinase K to dissolve it, and store at -20℃. Do not leave the prepared Proteinase K at room temperature for a long period of time to avoid affecting its activity.4. Anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer RW2, Buffer GW1 and Buffer GW2 according to the label instructions on the vials before first use.5. Check Buffer GTL, Buffer GL and Buffer DS for crystallization or precipitation prior to use; if crystallization or precipitation occurs, redissolve Buffer GTL, Buffer GL and Buffer DS in a 37°C water bath.6. Preheat the water bath or thermostatic mixer to 56°C before starting the experiment.7. Use an ambient temperature centrifuge or set the centrifuge temperature to 25°C. Temperatures below 15°C may result in clogging of the adsorption column.8. To prevent RNase contamination, the following should be observed:1) Use RNase-free plastics and tips to avoid cross-contamination.(2) Glassware should be dry baked at 180°C for 4 hours before use, plasticware can be soaked in 0.5 M NaOH for 10 minutes, rinsed thoroughly with water and autoclaved.3) RNase-free water should be used to prepare the solution.(4) Operators wear disposable masks and gloves, and change gloves diligently during the experiment.procedureParaffin-embedded samples1. Trim off excess paraffin from the tissue block to expose the tissue and cut into 5-10 µm slices.2. Place approximately 1 x 1 cm2 slices (1-5 slices in total) in a centrifuge tube (supplied), add 500 µl of Buffer DS and vortex for 10 s. Briefly centrifuge the sample to the bottom of the tube. Centrifuge briefly to collect the sample at the bottom of the tube, incubate at 56°C for 3 minutes, remove from the water bath and allow to cool to room temperature before proceeding.Note: If the surface of the sample is exposed to air, discard the initial 2-3 slices without using them.3. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and carefully discard the supernatant thoroughly without aspirating the precipitate. The residual dewaxing solution can be carefully removed with a small tip (10 µl).4. Add 180 µl of Buffer GTL and 20 µl of Proteinase K to the above tube and mix well with vortexing.5. Incubate at 56°C for 15 minutes, then place on ice for 3 minutes. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes at room temperature.6. Transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube for RNA extraction, taking care not to aspirate undigested tissue. Use the precipitate for DNA extraction. RNA extraction7. Take the supernatant obtained in step 6 and incubate at 80°C for 15 minutes.8. Add 320 µl of Buffer GL, mix by vortexing and shaking, then add 720 µl of anhydrous ethanol and mix immediately by vortexing and shaking.9. Add all of the resulting solution to the Spin Columns RS in the collection tube; if the solution cannot be added all at once, it may be transferred in several passes. centrifuge the column at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, pour off the waste solution from the collection tube, and place the column back into the collection tube. Note: If the columns are clogged, the sample size may be too large and consideration should be given to reducing the number of starting sections to 1-2.Optional step: If genomic DNA is to be removed, the following steps can be followeda. Add 350 µl of Buffer RW1 to the column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste solution, and place the column back into the collection tube.b. Preparation of DNase I mixture: Take 52 µl of RNase-Free Water and add 8 µl of 10×Reaction to it.Buffer and 20 µl DNase I (1 U/µl), mix well, and prepare a final volume of 80 µl of reaction solution.c. Add 80 µl of DNase I Mix directly to the adsorption column and incubate at 20-30°C for 15 minutes.d. Add 350 µl of Buffer RW1 to the column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste solution, and return the column to the collection tube.Add 500 µl of Buffer RW2 to the adsorbent column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 min, pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube, and put the adsorbent column back into the collection tube.11. Repeat step 10. centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube. Place the column at room temperature for 5 minutes.minutes to dry thoroughly.12. Place the column in a new RNase-free centrifuge tube and add 20-50 µl to the center of the column.RNase-Free Water, left at room temperature for 5 minutes, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, and collected RNA solution, the-80°C for storage.DNA extraction7. Take the precipitate obtained in step 6 and add 180 µl Buffer GTL and 20 µl Proteinase K to the precipitate. VortexResuspend the precipitate for 15 seconds.8. Incubate at 56°C for 1 hour until the sample is completely dissolved. 90°C for 1 hour.Add 200 µl Buffer GL, vortex and shake to mix and then add 200 µl anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake to mix thoroughly. Centrifuge briefly so that the solution on the wall of the tube collects at the bottom of the tube. Add all of the solution from step 9 to the Spin Columns DF in the collection tube, or transfer the solution in several passes. centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, pour off the waste solution from the collection tube, and return the column to the 10. collection tube.Note: If the adsorption column is clogged, the sample size may be too large and consideration should be given to reducing the number of starting sections to 1-2.11. Add 500 µl of Buffer GW1 to the adsorbent column and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute. Pour off the waste liquid from the collection tube and put the column back into the collection tube.12. Add 500 µl of Buffer GW2 to the adsorbent column and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute. Pour off the waste liquid from the collection tube and place the column back into the collection tube.Note: Step 12 may be repeated if further purity is required.13. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube. Leave the adsorption column at room temperature for 5 minutes to dry thoroughly. Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorbent column; ethanol residue will affect the subsequent enzymatic reaction. 14. Place the column in a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube, add 20-50 µl Buffer EB to the center of the column, leave at room temperature for 5 minutes, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, collect the DNA solution, and store at -20℃... Read More | Lipid peroxidation is the degradation of lipids that occurs as a result of oxidative damage and is a useful marker for oxidative stress. Polyunsaturated lipids are susceptible to an oxidative attack, typically by reactive oxygen species, resulting in a well-defined chain reaction with the productionLipid peroxidation is the degradation of lipids that occurs as a result of oxidative damage and is a useful marker for oxidative stress. Polyunsaturated lipids are susceptible to an oxidative attack, typically by reactive oxygen species, resulting in a well-defined chain reaction with the production of end products such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Lipid peroxidation may contribute to the pathology of many diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer′s.Lipid peroxidation (MDA) assay kit has been used to determine the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).Suitability: Suitable for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) in a variety of samples including tissue, cells and plasmaPrinciple: In this kit, lipid peroxidation is determined by the reaction of MDA with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) to form a colorimetric (532 nm)/fluorometric (λex= 532/λem= 553 nm) product, proportional to the MDA present... Read More |