| Description | Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a stable protein present in the cytoplasm of normal cells and normally cannot pass through the cell membrane. When cells are damaged, membrane permeability increases, and LDH is released extracellularly. A decrease in intracellular LDH and an increase in LDH in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a stable protein present in the cytoplasm of normal cells and normally cannot pass through the cell membrane. When cells are damaged, membrane permeability increases, and LDH is released extracellularly. A decrease in intracellular LDH and an increase in LDH in the culture medium occur. Measuring the LDH activity in the culture medium or the LDH leakage rate can reflect drug-induced cytotoxicity. LDH belongs to the oxidoreductase family and can reversibly catalyze the redox reaction between lactate (L) and pyruvate (P). The reaction formula is: Lactate + NAD⁺ → Pyruvate + NADH + H⁺, where L → P is the forward reaction and P → L is the reverse reaction. Detection Principle: Using NAD⁺ as a hydrogen acceptor, LDH catalyzes the dehydrogenation of lactate to generate pyruvate. Pyruvate then reacts with dinitrophenylhydrazine to form pyruvate dinitrophenylhydrazone, which appears brownish-red in an alkaline solution. The color intensity is proportional to the pyruvate concentration. The absorbance at 440 nm can be measured using a microplate reader. The released LDH activity during cytotoxicity or the LDH activity in other samples can be calculated using formulas. This kit can be used for routine LDH activity detection and is more commonly used for cytotoxicity assays using LDH release as an indicator.This kit is for scientific research use only and is not intended for clinical diagnosis or other purposes.L1501786Component100T500TStorageL1501786ALDH Assay Buffer3 mL15 mL2-8℃. Store in the dark.L1501786BNAD1EA2EA-20℃L1501786CPhenylhydrazine Color Solution3 mL15 mL2-8℃. Store in the dark.L1501786DAlkaline Color Solution10 mL50 mLRT.L1501786ELDH Releasing Agent (10X)2 mL10 mLRT.User-Prepared Instruments and Reagents1. 96-well plate cultured test and control group cell samples, sterile PBS, culture medium, distilled water.2. Microplate centrifuge, 96-well plate or centrifuge, centrifuge tubes, incubator or water bath, microplate reader.Experimental Procedure1. Sample Preparation1.1 LDH Release AssaySeed an appropriate number of cells into a 96-well culture plate based on cell size and growth rate, so that the cell density does not exceed 90% confluency at the time of detection.Aspirate the culture medium, wash once with PBS, add fresh culture medium.Set up corresponding control groups according to experimental needs:Background Blank Control Well A: Culture medium without cells.Sample Control Well B: Control cells without drug treatment.Maximum Enzyme Activity Control Well C: Lysed samples from untreated cells.Drug-treated Sample Well D: Cells treated with the drug.Continue cultivation.Before detection, take out the cell culture plate. Add LDH Releasing Agent (10X) to the "Maximum Enzyme Activity Control Well C" at a volume equal to 10% of the original culture medium volume. Mix thoroughly by pipetting up and down several times. Continue cultivation for about 1 hour.Centrifuge the cell culture plate at 400 g for 5 minutes using a microplate centrifuge.Aspirate 5 µL of supernatant from each well and transfer it to the corresponding wells of a new 96-well plate for subsequent LDH detection.1.2 Cytotoxicity and Cell Proliferation Assay for Intracellular Total LDHSeed an appropriate number of cells into a 96-well culture plate based on cell size and growth rate, so that the cell density does not exceed 90% confluency at the time of detection.Treat with different drugs and set up appropriate controls.Centrifuge the cell culture plate at 400 g for 5 minutes using a microplate centrifuge.Aspirate the culture medium.Add 150 µL of LDH Releasing Agent diluted 10-fold with PBS. Shake the plate to mix thoroughly. Continue cultivation for about 1 hour.Centrifuge the cell culture plate at 400 g for 5 minutes using a microplate centrifuge.Aspirate 5 µL of supernatant from each well and transfer it to the corresponding wells of a new 96-well plate for subsequent cytotoxicity detection.1.3 Protein Concentration DeterminationAfter sample preparation, the protein concentration can be determined using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Aladdin B665595 BCA Protein Quantification Kit or R1491648 Ready-to-Use BCA Protein Quantification Kit are recommended) to facilitate subsequent calculation of LDH content per unit protein weight in tissues or cells.2. Preparation of NAD SolutionTake one vial of NAD (powder) and dissolve it in 1.5 mL of deionized water.3. LDH Enzymatic ReactionAdd solutions sequentially according to the table below, taking care to avoid bubbles. If the enzyme activity in the sample is too high, reduce the sample volume or dilute appropriately before assay.Reagent (µL)Volume (µL)Test Sample (supernatant)5LDH Assay Buffer25NAD Solution5 Mix well, incubate at 37°C for 15 min. Phenylhydrazine Color Solution25 Mix well, incubate at 37°C for 15 min. Alkaline Color Solution100Distilled Water150 4. LDH Measurement Mix well and let stand at room temperature for 5 minutes. Measure the absorbance of each well at 440 nm using a microplate reader. 5. Result Calculation Cytotoxicity or Mortality Rate (%) = (A D - A B ) / (A C - A B ) × 100% If the absorbance value A γ of a known concentration *c* of an LDH enzyme standard and the absorbance value A γ0 of the standard blank control are measured simultaneously, the enzyme activity in the sample can be roughly calculated:LDH Activity in Test Sample (mU/mL) = (A B - A A ) / (A γ - A γ0 ) × *c* For accurate calculation of the absolute LDH enzyme activity in the sample, use a self-prepared LDH standard to plot a standard curve with the measured absorbance values. The enzyme activity of the sample can be calculated using the formula derived from the standard curve. Where: A A = Absorbance of Background Blank Control Well A A B = Absorbance of Sample Control Well B A C = Absorbance of Maximum Enzyme Activity Control Well C A D = Absorbance of Drug-treated Sample Well D 6. Results and Analysis The cytotoxicity of drugs or toxicants can be determined by directly comparing the LDH activity in each well. Higher LDH activity indicates higher cell membrane permeability and more severe cell damage.Precautions1. Use serum-free or low-serum concentration culture medium when culturing cells to exclude serum interference; otherwise, deviations may occur.2. EDTA inhibits LDH. Avoid using or thoroughly remove reagents containing EDTA during operation.3. Measure LDH as soon as possible after collection. If the collected cell culture medium is stored for too long, LDH activity may decrease.4. Use solutions prepared at the same time for the same batch of experiments. The volume of solutions used and the reaction time should be consistent.5. In the enzymatic reaction, the recommended supernatant sample volume is 2.5-10 µL. If the enzyme activity in the sample is too high, reduce the sample volume or dilute appropriately before assay.6. Measurement should be completed within 15 minutes after color development.7. The Alkaline Color Solution is somewhat corrosive; handle with care.8. Use reagents promptly after opening to avoid affecting subsequent experimental results.9. For your safety and health, please wear a lab coat and disposable gloves during operation... Read More | When apoptosis occurs, some DNA endonucleases will be activated. These endonucleases will cut off genomic DNA between nucleosomes and produce 180 bp-200 BP DNA fragments, which appear as a specific ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis. When double strand or single strand breaks occurWhen apoptosis occurs, some DNA endonucleases will be activated. These endonucleases will cut off genomic DNA between nucleosomes and produce 180 bp-200 BP DNA fragments, which appear as a specific ladder pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis. When double strand or single strand breaks occur in genomic DNA, a large number of sticky 3'-oh ends will be generated, which can interact with YF under the catalysis of deoxyribonucleotide terminal transferase (TDT) ®/ CY dUTP binding can directly detect apoptotic cells by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. This kind of method is called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). Because normal or proliferating cells have almost no DNA breaks, there is no 3'-oh formation and they can rarely be stained. TUNEL method can stain intact single apoptotic nuclei or apoptotic bodies in situ, can accurately reflect the typical biochemical and morphological characteristics of apoptosis, and can detect a very small number of apoptotic cells, so it is widely used in the study of apoptosis. This kit has a wide range of applications and can be used to detect apoptosis in frozen or paraffin sections, as well as cultured adherent cells or suspended cells. It can selectively detect apoptotic cells, but not necrotic cells or cells with DNA strand breaks caused by irradiation and drug treatment. This kit detects cell apoptosis with a short time-consuming, one-step staining reaction and can be detected after washing.Component： Instruction： Experimental materials (self provided)PBS buffer (1 x, pH~7.4). 0.2% Triton X -100 (PBS formulation). 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS formulation, containing 5 mg/mLBSA)4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS)Immunohistochemical penDewaxing solvent (paraffin section sample)Related reagents for paraffin section processingAnti fluorescence quenching and sealing agent. ddH2Oexperimental design. A. Positive control:Prepare positive control slides using DNaseI treatment. DNaseI can digest single or double stranded DNA and expose the 3 '- OH end, artificially causing cell apoptosis. One experiment per time is sufficient. (To verify if there are any issues with the experimental operation and reagent kit)B. Negative control:Use TUNEL Reaction Buffer without TdT Enzyme and replace TdT Enzyme with ddH2O. (Mainly to exclude non-specific staining caused by cell apoptosis, operational processes, and other reasons; and to adjust the exposure intensity of the shooting.)C. Experimental processing group.The experimental group operated normally according to the instructions.D. Experimental control group.The experimental group operated normally according to the instructions.Experimental steps1. Sample preparation:(1) For adherent cells or cell smearsa. Clean once with PBS.Note: If you are concerned that the cells on the cell smear may not adhere firmly, you can dry the sample to make the cells adhere more firmly.b. Fixation: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at 4 ℃ for 30 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.d. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(2) For suspended cells or cell suspensionsa. Collect cells (3-5 x 106 cells), centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and wash twice with PBS.b. Fixation: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and resuspend the cells thoroughly. Fix at 4 ℃ for 30 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.d. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(3) Paraffin tissue sectioninga. Dewaxing and hydration: Place the sliced samples sequentially in xylene I (10 min) → xylene II (10 min) → 100% ethanol I (5 min) → 100% ethanol II (5 min) → 95% ethanol (5 min) → 90% ethanol (5 min) → 80% ethanol (5 min) → 70% ethanol (5 min) → ddH2O rinse for 5 min, rinse twice.Note: Xylene is toxic and volatile. Please perform this operation in a fume hood.b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of ProteinaseK solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.Note: Protein K can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.d. Wash the slices twice with PBS, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed sample in a wet box to keep it moist.Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(4) Frozen tissue sectionsa. Fixation: Take out frozen sections and warm them back to room temperature. Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at room temperature for 30 minutes. Wash twice with PBS for 10 minutes each time.Note: If you are concerned that formaldehyde cleaning may not be clean enough, it may affect the final dyeing effect. After formaldehyde fixation is completed, an appropriate amount of 2 mg/mL glycine can be added and washed for 10 minutes to neutralize the residual fixing solution, and then PBS cleaning can be carried out.b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of ProteinaseK solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.Note: Protein K can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.d. Wash the slices twice with PBS, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed sample in a wet box to keep it moist.Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.(5) Positive treatment (only the positive control is subjected to this step, and other samples are directly subjected to the TUNEL reaction step)a. Dilute 10 x DNase I Buffer with ddH2O in a ratio of 1:10 to 1 x DNase I Buffer for later use.b. Drip 100 µ L of 1xDNase I Buffer onto the processed sample, covering all sample areas, and equilibrate at room temperature for 5 minutes.c. Dilute DNase I (2 U) with 1 x DNase I Buffer at a ratio of 1:100/ µ L) A working solution with a final concentration of 20 U/mL.d. Discard the buffer and add 100 µ Incubate DNase I working solution with a concentration of 20 U/mL at room temperature for 10 minutes.e. Discard DNase I working solution and clean twice with PBS.f. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.2. TUNEL reaction(1) Prepare TUNEL reaction solution (ready to use):/1 sample5sample10 sampleTdT enzyme1 µL5 µL10 µLYF®488/555/594/640 TUNEL Reaction Buffer49 µL245 µL490 µLTUNEL Total volume of reaction solution50 µL250 µL500 µL(2) For adherent cells, cell smears, or tissue sectionsa. Add 50 to each sample µ L TUNEL reaction solution, evenly cover the sample with the reaction solution. The appropriate time for dark incubation at 37 ℃ (recommended staining time for cells is 30 minutes to 1 hour, and tissue staining time is 2 hours).Note: 50 µ L TUNEL reaction solution is suitable for smear, slicing, or 96 well plates (other different well plates can adjust the volume of TUNEL reaction solution appropriately to cover cells). If the sample to be tested is a smear, slice, or in a 24 well plate, 12 well plate, or 6 well plate, anti evaporation film can be used, or self sealing bags or other appropriate materials can be used to cut circular plastic sheets slightly smaller than the holes. After adding TUNEL reaction solution dropwise, cover the sample to prevent the evaporation of TUNEL reaction solution and make the TUNEL reaction solution evenly cover the sample.b. Discard the TUNEL reaction solution, wash twice with PBS, and then wash three times with 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS preparation, containing 5 mg/mL BSA) for 5 minutes each time. This way, free unreacted markers can be removed cleanly.c. (Optional) Add an appropriate concentration of 5 to each sample µ DAPI staining solution with a concentration of g/mL, incubated at room temperature in dark for 5 minutes. After staining, discard DAPI staining solution and wash twice with PBS for 5 minutes each time.d. (Optional) Slice sealing: Add 50 drops to each sample µ L anti fluorescence quenching sealing agent (anti fluorescence quenching sealing agent may not be suitable for certain dyes, it is recommended to conduct pre experimental testing for compatibility before the experiment), cover the cover glass, gently tap the cover glass with the blunt end of tweezers to remove bubbles and ensure complete sealing.e. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid and add 100 to the sample area µ Keep the sample moist with PBS and immediately observe under a fluorescence microscope.(3) For suspended cells or cell suspensionsa. Add 50 to each sample tube µ Gently resuspend cells in LTUNEL reaction solution and incubate at 37 ℃ in the dark for 30-1 hour. Gently resuspend cells with a micropipette every 15 minutes.b. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard TUNEL reaction solution, and wash twice with 0.1% Triton X -100 (PBS preparation, containing 5 mg/mLBSA) for 5 minutes each time. This way, free unreacted markers can be removed cleanly.c. Add 100 to each sample tube µ L concentration is 5 µ DAPI staining solution with a concentration of g/mL, incubated at room temperature in dark for 5 minutes.d. Join 400 µ L PBS resuspended cells and immediately detected with a flow cytometer or observed under a fluorescence microscope after smearing.Matters needing attention：1. please centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube immediately before use, and then conduct subsequent experiments. 2. when the staining background is heavy or non-specific staining is obvious, the staining time can be appropriately reduced. 3. it is recommended to add negative control and positive control groups during the experiment. 4. please wear mask and gloves when using component A. if it contacts the skin, please wash it with plenty of water immediately. 5. fluorescent dyes have quenching problems. Please try to avoid light to slow down fluorescence quenching. 6. for your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.Product parameters：490/515 nm；Scope of application：Late apoptosis detection, TUNEL Kit... Read More | B665530 Component 50 T 200 T Storage B665530A Buffer RCL 125 mL 2×260 mL 2-8℃ B665530B Buffer GR 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530C Buffer GL 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530D Buffer GW1 (concentrate) 13 mL 52 mL RT B665530E Buffer GW2 (concentrate) 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530F Buffer GE 15 mL 60 mL RT B665530G B665530 Component 50 T 200 T Storage B665530A Buffer RCL 125 mL 2×260 mL 2-8℃ B665530B Buffer GR 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530C Buffer GL 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530D Buffer GW1 (concentrate) 13 mL 52 mL RT B665530E Buffer GW2 (concentrate) 15 mL 50 mL RT B665530F Buffer GE 15 mL 60 mL RT B665530G Proteinase K 1.25 mL 4×1.25 mL RT B665530H Spin Columns DM with Collection Tubes 50 sets 200 sets RTProduct IntroductionThis reagent kit is suitable for extracting total DNA, including genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and viral DNA, from fresh or frozen whole blood (blood samples treated with anticoagulants such as citrate, EDTA, or heparin), plasma, serum, erythrocyte sedimentation rate brown layer, lymphocytes, cell-free body fluids, and other samples. This product can process 0.1-1 mL of whole blood with a maximum yield of 30% µ g. It can purify DNA with sizes ranging from 100 bp to 50 kb. The purified DNA has high yield and good quality, and can remove protein, pigment, lipid, and other inhibitory impurities to the maximum extent. It can be directly used for PCR, fluorescence quantitative PCR, enzyme digestion, and Southern Blot experiments.Self prepared reagent: anhydrous ethanol.Preparation and important precautions before the experiment:1. The sample should avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, otherwise it may result in smaller extracted DNA fragments and a decrease in extraction volume.2. This reagent kit can extract up to 0.1-1 mL of whole blood samples or 1 × 107 white blood cells.3.Before the first use, anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer GW1 and Buffer GW2 according to the instructions on the reagent bottle label.4. Before use, please check if there is any crystallization or precipitation in the Buffer GL. If there is any crystallization or precipitation, please incubate the Buffer GL in a 56 ℃ water bath and dissolve it again.5. The Buffer RCL in the reagent kit cannot be used again after being turbid.Operation steps:1. Sample processing: 1a When extracting 200 uL of blood sample, add the sample to the centrifuge tube (provided) and proceed directly to the next step of the experiment. 1b When the blood sample size is less than 200 µ When L, add Buffer GR to make up for 200 µ L. Proceed to the next step of the experiment. 1c When the blood sample size exceeds 200 µ When L is reached, add 1-2 times the volume of Buffer RCL, gently vortex or invert and mix well. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute and carefully discard the supernatant. If there is still red in the sediment, repeat the above steps once. Then add 200 to the precipitate µ Shake the buffer GR until thoroughly mixed before proceeding to the next step of the experiment. 1d If the processed blood sample is anticoagulant from poultry, birds, amphibians, or lower level organisms, its red blood cells are nucleated cells, and the blood sample size is 5-20 µ L. Can be added to Buffer GR to make up to 200 µ Follow up experiments will be conducted afterwards. Note: If downstream experiments are sensitive to RNA, 4 can be added µ L RNase A (100mg/mL) solution, shake for 15 seconds, and leave at room temperature for 5 minutes. RNase A reagent kit is not provided. If needed, you can order it separately from our company, item number: CW0601S.2. Add 20 to the above solution µ L Protein K, mix well.3. Add 200 µ Shake with L Buffer GL until thoroughly mixed. Note: Do not pre mix Protein K and Buffer GL.4.Incubate at 4.56 ℃ for 10 minutes, invert and mix several times during this time. Attention: The DNA production has reached its maximum after 10 minutes of incubation, and further extension of incubation time has no effect on DNA production and purity.5. Add 200 µ L anhydrous ethanol, invert and mix several times. Short centrifugation causes the liquid on the tube wall and wall cover to concentrate at the bottom of the tube.6. Add all the solution obtained in step 5 to the spin columns DM that have been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.7. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW1 (check if anhydrous ethanol is added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube. Note: If the extracted sample is the blood genome of species such as mice or monkeys that are difficult to remove heme, it is recommended to repeat step 7.8. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol is added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube. Note: To further improve DNA purity, repeat step 8.9.Centrifuge at 9.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry. Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.)10. Place the adsorption column in a new centrifuge tube (provided by oneself) and add 50-200 to the middle of the adsorption column in the air µ L Buffer GE or sterilized water, leave at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect DNA solution, and store DNA at -20 ℃. Note: 1) If downstream experiments are sensitive to pH or EDTA, they can be washed off with sterilized water. The pH value of the eluent has a significant impact on the elution efficiency. If water is used as the eluent, its pH value should be ensured to be between 7.0-8.5 (NaOH can be used to adjust the pH value of the water to this range). When the pH value is below 7.0, the elution efficiency is not high. 2) If the final concentration of DNA needs to be increased, the obtained DNA eluent can be added back to the adsorption membrane, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 minute. 3) Because DNA stored in water is affected by acidic hydrolysis, if long-term storage is required, it is recommended to elute with Buffer GE and store at -20 ℃... Read More | Inquire | The content of this cell is too long for an XLSX file (more than 32767 characters). Please use the CSV format for this export |