| Description | Lactic acid is an important intermediate product in the metabolic processes of organisms, closely related to carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, and intracellular energy metabolism. Lactic acid concentration is a key indicator for evaluating glycogen metabolism and aerobicLactic acid is an important intermediate product in the metabolic processes of organisms, closely related to carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, and intracellular energy metabolism. Lactic acid concentration is a key indicator for evaluating glycogen metabolism and aerobic metabolism. Abnormally high concentrations of lactic acid are associated with pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and lactic acidosis.The detection principle of this kit is as follows: Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH and H+. Further, through the hydrogen transfer action of 1-mPMS, WST-8 reacts to form a yellow, soluble formazan. The absorbance at 450 nm is measured to calculate the L-lactate content in the sample.Detection Range: 0.03-2 mMSensitivity: 0.03 mMApplicable Samples: Animal and plant tissues, cells, bacteria, serum (plasma), or other liquids.L1501211Component48T96TStorageL1501211ALactate Assay Buffer70 mL70 mL×22-8℃L1501211BLactate Dehydrogenase0.7 mL1.4 mL-20℃L1501211CLactate Dehydrogenase Cofactor0.5 mL1 mL-20℃L1501211DWST-8350 µL700 µL-20℃. Store in the dark.L1501211EEnhancer70 µL140 µL-20℃. Store in the dark.L1501211FL(+)-Lactate Standard (100 mM)50 µL100 µL-20℃Please check the quantity of each component before the experiment.An additional 10% of each component is provided beyond the specified volume for standard curve preparation or preliminary experiments.User-Provided Instruments and ReagentsTypeNameNotesInstrumentMicroplate ReaderCapable of measuring absorbance at 450 nm.Consumables96-well MicroplateStandard transparent plate.ReagentsPBS (pH 7.4)For washing samples.OthersHomogenizer (for tissue samples), incubator, ice machine, low-temperature centrifuge, adjustable pipettes and tipsUsing a multichannel pipette for large-scale detection can improve efficiency.Experimental Procedure1. Reagent PreparationReagent NameReagent PreparationPrecautionsLactate Assay BufferReady-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use.4℃保存 Store at 4°C.Lactate DehydrogenaseReady-to-use;Keep on ice during the experiment; store aliquots at -20°C.Lactate Dehydrogenase CofactorReady-to-use;Keep on ice during the experiment; store aliquots at -20°C.WST-8Ready-to-use;Keep on ice during the experiment; store aliquots at -20°C.EnhancerReady-to-use;Keep on ice protected from light during the experiment; store aliquots at -20°C protected from light.L(+)-Lactate Standard (100 mM)Equilibrate to room temperature before use.100 mM, store aliquots at -20°C.2. Standard PreparationAdd 20 µL of the 100 mM standard to 980 µL of Lactate Assay Buffer to prepare a 2 mM standard stock solution. Aliquot and store at -20°C for up to 6 months. Dilute the 2 mM standard stock solution sequentially with Lactate Assay Buffer to prepare standard working solutions with final concentrations of 1 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.0625 mM, and 0.03125 mM. Use Lactate Assay Buffer as the blank.Standard Working SolutionStandard (µL)Lactate Assay Buffer (µL)Concentration (mM)1200 µL of 2 mM022200 µL of 2 mM20013200 µL of 1 mM2000.54200 µL of 0.5 mM2000.255200 µL of 0.25 mM2000.1256200 µL of 0.125 mM2000.06257200 µL of 0.0625 mM2000.03125Blank020003. Sample PreparationNote: Fresh samples are recommended. If not used immediately, samples can be stored at -80°C for up to 1 month. NADH or NADPH present in cell or tissue extracts can create background for lactate assay. To remove NADH or NADPH background, an equal amount of sample can be assayed without lactate dehydrogenase, and the background reading should be subtracted from the lactate reading. Endogenous lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can degrade lactate. Samples containing LDH (e.g., cell culture medium, cell or tissue lysates) should be processed using a 10 kDa MW cutoff ultrafiltration tube (centrifuge at 12,000 g, 4°C for 10 min; follow the filter instructions) to remove all proteins. Use the filtrate for detection, then store at -80°C.3.1 Animal/Plant Tissues: Weigh approximately 0.1 g of tissue sample, add 1 mL of Lactate Assay Buffer, and homogenize on ice. Centrifuge at 12,000 g, 4°C for 5 min. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and keep on ice for detection.3.2 Cells or Bacteria: Collect 5×10^6 cells. Wash the cells or bacteria with pre-cooled PBS. Centrifuge at 800 g for 2 min, discard the supernatant. Add 1 mL of Lactate Assay Buffer, and disrupt using an ultrasonic homogenizer on ice for 5 min (power 20% or 200 W, ultrasonic 3 s, interval 7 s, repeat 30 times). Centrifuge at 12,000 g, 4°C for 5 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.3.3 Plasma and Serum (Other Biological Fluids): Detect directly.4. Experimental Steps4.1 Microplate Reader Preparation: Preheat for at least 30 minutes, set wavelength to 450 nm.4.2 Working Reagent Preparation: 50 µL of Working Reagent is required per well. To avoid loss, prepare for 55 µL per single well system: Pipette 31 µL Lactate Assay Buffer, 8 µL Lactate Dehydrogenase Cofactor, 5 µL WST-8, 1 µL Enhancer, and 10 µL Lactate Dehydrogenase. Mix well. The Working Reagent must be prepared freshly and used immediately.4.3 Assay System Setup: Set up the detection system in the microplate according to the table below. The standard curve generally needs to be performed only once.ReagentStandard Well (µL)Test Well (µL)Sample050Standard Working Solution500Working Reagent50504.4 Absorbance Measurement: Mix well and incubate at 37°C protected from light for 30 min. Read the absorbance at 450 nm, recorded as Ablank, Astandard, and Atest. 5. Result CalculationThe following provides both the derived formula and the simplified calculation formula, which are completely equivalent.5.1 Data ProcessingCalculate ΔAstandard= Astandard- Ablank, ΔAtest = Atest - Ablank.5.2 Standard Curve PlottingPlot the standard curve with standard concentration as the y-axis and ΔAstandard as the x-axis. Substitute ΔAstandard into the equation to obtain the y value (mM).5.3 Sample L-Lactate Content Calculation① Calculated based on sample weight:L-Lactate (µmol/g) = y × Vsample ÷ (W × Vsample ÷ Vtotal) × n = y ÷ W × n② Calculated based on cell or bacterial count:L-Lactate (µmol/10⁴ cells) = y × Vsample ÷ (500 × Vsample ÷ Vtotal) × n = y ÷ 500 × n③ Calculated based on liquid volume:L-Lactate (mM) = y × Vsample ÷ Vsample × n = y × n④ Calculated based on protein concentration:L-Lactate (µmol/mg prot) = y × Vsample ÷ (Vsample × Cpr) × n = y ÷ Cpr × nParameter Description:1 mM = 1 mmol/L;Vsample : Volume of sample added, 0.05 mL;n: Sample dilution factor;Cpr: Sample protein concentration, mg/mL;W: Sample weight, g;Vtotal: Total volume of sample extract, 1 mL;500: Cell or bacterial count, 5×10⁶, converted to units of 10⁴.Result Presentation Using Previous Standard CurveTypical Standard Curve: y = 2.2613x - 0.0531Example-1: 50 µL of chicken serum was taken and processed according to the assay steps using a 96-well plate. The measured ΔAtest = Atest - Ablank= 0.435 - 0.096 = 0.339. Substituting into the standard curve, y = 0.713 mM. Calculated based on liquid volume: Lactate content (mM) = y × n = 0.713 × 5 = 3.565 mM.PrecautionsIt is recommended to perform preliminary experiments using 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences before formal testing.For tissue and cell samples, results can be normalized by measuring the protein concentration.This kit is compatible with spectrophotometer detection. Adjust the preparation volume of detection reagents proportionally according to the spectrophotometer's requirements.It is recommended to establish your own standard curve for improved accuracy. If not, you may refer to the typical standard curve formula provided in the results section for calculation.Biochemical reagents are generally irritating and biologically toxic. For your safety and health, please wear appropriate personal protective equipment (lab coat, mask, gloves, hair cap, etc.) throughout the experiment and perform experiments in a fume hood or biosafety cabinet.This product is for scientific research use only. Not intended for clinical diagnosis.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat should I do if the sample ΔAtest is too high or too low?If the sample ΔAtest is >1.0, the lactate content in the sample is too high. Dilute the sample appropriately with Lactate Assay Buffer (multiply by the dilution factor in the calculation). If the sample ΔAtest is <0.13, increase the sample amount... Read More | The bacterial viability / toxicity detection kit contains two fluorescent dyes. Nucgreen is a green nucleic acid dye that can stain live and dead bacteria; Ethd III is a red nucleic acid dye that only stains dead bacteria with damaged cell membranes. When nucgreen and ethd III are properly mixed, The bacterial viability / toxicity detection kit contains two fluorescent dyes. Nucgreen is a green nucleic acid dye that can stain live and dead bacteria; Ethd III is a red nucleic acid dye that only stains dead bacteria with damaged cell membranes. When nucgreen and ethd III are properly mixed, the bacteria with intact cell membrane appear green, while the bacteria with damaged cell membrane can appear green and red under different channels, respectively. A common criterion for bacterial viability is the ability to propagate in a suitable nutrient medium, known as a growth assay. This kit is generally in good agreement with the growth assay results in liquid or solid medium. However, under certain conditions, membrane damaged bacteria may recover and propagate in nutrient medium, and such bacteria will be identified as dead bacteria in this assay. On the contrary, some bacteria with intact membranes may not be able to propagate in nutrient medium, but will be recognized as viable bacteria in this assay. Therefore, if there is a large difference between the test results of this kit and the bacterial growth assay, the above possibilities should be considered. Component： Product parameters： NucGreen: Ex/Em = 503/530 nm (结合 DNA)；EthD-III: Ex/Em = 530/620 nm (结合 DNA)。Usage:1 Preparation of control samples for live and dead bacteria (optional)1. Cultivate 4 mL of bacteria in liquid medium until late logarithmic phase.2. Prepare two 1 mL bacterial solutions in an EP tube and centrifuge for 10-15 minutes under 5000-10000 g conditions.3. Remove the supernatant and add 0.3 mL of 0.85% NaCl resuspended bacteria to one of the EP tubes, and 1 mL of 0.85% NaCl resuspended bacteria to the other tube.4. Add 0.7 mL of isopropanol to a tube containing 0.3 mL of 0.85% NaCl, and mix thoroughly (with a final concentration of 70% isopropanol) to prepare a dead bacterial sample.5. Incubate the two samples at room temperature for 1 hour and mix every 15 minutes.6. Centrifuge the two samples at 5000-10000 g for 10-15 minutes.7. Remove the supernatant, add 1 mL of 0.85% NaCl to resuspend the bacteria in both samples, and centrifuge again as in step 6.8. Use a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance values (OD670) of two bacterial suspensions at 670 nm.9. Adjust the density of the two bacterial suspensions (live and dead) to 108 bacteria/mL (OD670 ≈ 0.3), and then dilute with 0.85% NaCl at 1:100 to achieve a final density of 106 bacteria/mL.10. Mix two bacterial suspensions as shown in the table below to obtain the required live cell ratio: dead cell ratio.Table 1 Mix live and dead bacterial suspensions by a certain volume to achieve the required ratio of live and dead cellsLive cells: Dead cellsVolume of viable bacterial suspension（mL）Volume of dead bacterial suspension（mL）0:10001.010:900.10.920:800.20.830:700.30.750:500.50.5100:01.00II Staining methods for fluorescence microscopy observation1. Mix 1 volume of component A, NucGreen, and 2 volumes of component B, EthD-III, in a microcentrifuge tube. After thorough mixing, add 8 volumes of 0.85% NaCl solution to obtain a 100 x dye solution.2. Every 100 µ L bacterial suspension, add 1 µ 100 x dye solution of L.3. Mix thoroughly and incubate at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes.4. Take 5 µ The bacterial suspension after L staining was dropped onto a glass slide with an 18 mm square cover glass.5. Observe under a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence of live and dead bacteria can be observed simultaneously under any standard FITC long-acting filter. Alternatively, live (green fluorescent) and dead (red fluorescent) bacteria can be observed using FITC and Cy3 (or Texas Red) channels, respectively.Attention: (1) Before staining bacteria, attention must be paid to removing residues of growth media. Nucleic acid and other media components can bind to NucGreen and EthD-III dyes in some way, resulting in unacceptable staining changes. A simple washing step is usually sufficient to remove interfering media components from bacterial suspension. It is not recommended to use phosphate buffer solutions as they can reduce staining efficiency. (2) Before starting the formal experiment, the dye concentration should be adjusted to distinguish between NucGreen labeling live bacteria and EthD-III labeling dead bacteria. The optimal concentration may vary depending on the bacterial strain. It is generally best to use the lowest dye concentration that can provide sufficient signal. The above conditions have been optimized for staining live/dead cells of Escherichia coli.III Before starting the staining method experiment of flow cytometry, please read the precautions under the fluorescence microscope staining steps.According to Table 1, add 11 different proportions of live and dead bacteria to the EP tube. Each of the 11 samples has a volume of 1 mL.2. Add 12 µ The A component of L, NucGreen, and 24 µ The B component EthD-III of L was mixed in a microcentrifuge tube. Add 3 to each of the 11 samples µ Mix the mixed dyes of L thoroughly by blowing them up and down several times. (Note: Additional control bacterial samples need to be prepared for separate NucGreen and EthD-III staining)3. Incubate at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes.4. Analyze each sample using a flow cytometer, detect NucGreen positive cells using FITC channels, and detect EthD-III positive cells using PI or PE channels.Matters needing attention：1. please centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube immediately before use, and then conduct subsequent experiments. 2. if the orifice plate is used for detection, a small amount of bacterial liquid can be left for imaging after standing for 10 min, which can effectively reduce the background. 3. in order to be closer to the real results, it is recommended to keep the brightness of red fluorescence consistent with that of green fluorescence in merge pictures. 4. fluorescent dyes have quenching problems. Please try to avoid light during experimental operation to slow down fluorescence quenching. 5. for your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.Scope of application：Staining of dead and live bacteria... Read More | The Endo F Multi-Kit will deglycosylate N-linked glycans in both native and denatured conditions. Each enzyme has a distinct specificity for N-linked glycan release. One can choose to use the three enzymes in combination to completely remove all N-linked glycans present on a glycoprotein or peptide,The Endo F Multi-Kit will deglycosylate N-linked glycans in both native and denatured conditions. Each enzyme has a distinct specificity for N-linked glycan release. One can choose to use the three enzymes in combination to completely remove all N-linked glycans present on a glycoprotein or peptide, or to use each enzyme independently and thereby determine the type of N-glycans present.Product DescriptionThe Endo F Multi-kit is recommended to deglycosylate native proteins that are resistant to PNGase F cleavage under non-denatured conditions due to the glycan location within the protein’s three-dimensional structure, as these enzymes are known to be less sensitive to protein conformation.Each of the enzymes has a different N-linked glycan specificity:Endoglycosidase F1 cleaves high mannose and some hybrid type N-glycansEndoglycosidase F2 releases biantennary and high mannose glycans (at a 40X reduced rate)Endoglycosidase F3 will release triantennarry and fucosylated biantennary N-glycansContents1 vial: Endo F1- 20 µl (0.3 U)20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.51 vial: Endo F2- 20 µl (0.1 U)10 mM sodium acetate, 25 mM NaCl, pH 4.51 vial: Endo F3- 20 µl (0.1 U)20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.51 vial: 5x Reaction Buffer - 400 µl250 mM sodium acetate, pH4.51 vial: 5x Reaction Buffer - 400 µl250 mM sodium phosphate, pH5.5Specific ActivityDefined as the amount of enzyme required to catalyze the release of N-linked oligosaccharides from 1 micro-mole of denatured Ribonuclease B (Endo F1) or porcine fibrinogen peptides (Endo F2/F3) in 1 minute at 37°C, pH 5.5 (PH 4.5 for Endo F3). Cleavage is monitored by SDS-PAGE.FormulationThe enzymes are provided as a sterile-filtered solution.StabilitySeveral days exposure to ambient temperatures will not reduce activity. Stable at least 12 months when stored properly.SpecificityEndo F1 cleaves Asparagine-linked (N-linked) high mannose or hybrid oligosaccharides. Endo F2 cleaves N-linked biantennary oligosaccharides and high mannose (at a 40X reduced rate). Endo F3 cleaves free or N-linked fucosylated biantennary or triantennary oligosaccharides,as well as triamannosylchitobiose core structures. These enzymes cleave between the two N-acetylglucosamine residues in the diacetylchitobiose core of the oligosaccharide, generating a truncated sugar molecule with one N-acetylglucosamine residue remaining on the asparagine. The recombinant version is not glycosylated, which may result in properties differing from the native protein.Quality & PurityEndo F1, Endo F2, and Endo F3 are tested for contaminating protease as follows: 10 µg of denatured BSA is incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with 2 µl of enzyme. SDS-PAGE analysis of the treated BSA shows no evidence of degradation. The absence of exoglycosidase contaminants is confirmed by extended incubations with the corresponding pNP-glycosides. Directions for use 1. Add up to 200 µg of glycoprotein to an Eppendorf tube. Adjust to 34 µl final volume with de-ionized water. 2. Add 10 µl Endo F2 &F3 5x Reaction Buffer, 250 mM sodium acetate pH 4.5. Use Endo F1 buffer, 250 mM sodium phosphate pH 5.5 if you are using the Endo F1 enzyme alone. 4. Add 2.0 µl of each enzyme to the reaction. Incubate 3 hours at 37°C. Monitor cleavage by SDS-PAGE. Applications– Deglycosylation of native proteins resistant to PNGase F cleavage– Determination of glycan type (high mannose, biantennary, tri/tetrantennary)– Deglycosylating proteins which normally precipitate when deglycosylating– X-Ray CrystallographyThese three enzymes cleave asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides between the two GlcNAc residues in the core of the oligosaccharide, generating a truncated sugar molecule with one N-acetylglucosamine residue remaining on the asparagine, enhancing the solubility of the protein. In contrast, PNGase F removes the oligosaccharide intact... Read More | G665573 Component 10 T Storage G665573A Buffer P1 30 mL RT G665573B Buffer P2 30 mL RT G665573C Buffer E3 30 mL RT G665573D Buffer PS 15 mL RT G665573E Buffer PW (concentrate) 10 mL RT G665573F Endo-Free Buffer EB 30 mL RT G665573G RNase A (10 mg/mL) 600 碌L RT G665573H Endo-Remover FX 10 EA G665573 Component 10 T Storage G665573A Buffer P1 30 mL RT G665573B Buffer P2 30 mL RT G665573C Buffer E3 30 mL RT G665573D Buffer PS 15 mL RT G665573E Buffer PW (concentrate) 10 mL RT G665573F Endo-Free Buffer EB 30 mL RT G665573G RNase A (10 mg/mL) 600 碌L RT G665573H Endo-Remover FX 10 EA RT G665573I Plungers 10 EA RT G665573J Spin Columns DX with Collection Tubes 10 EA RT G665573K Centrifuge Tubes (15 mL) 10 EA RTProduct IntroductionThis kit is specially designed for the efficient and rapid extraction of plasmids from 15-50 ml of bacterial fluids. On the basis of cell lysis by alkaline lysis method, it adopts unique silicon matrix membrane adsorption technology to bind plasmid DNA efficiently and exclusively, and each adsorption column can adsorb up to 250 µg of plasmid DNA; at the same time, it adopts a special buffer system and endotoxin removal filter to effectively remove endotoxin, genomic DNA, RNA, protein and other impurities. The plasmids obtained from this kit are of high purity and stable quality, and can be used for cell transfection, as well as DNA sequencing, PCR, in vitro transcription, endonuclease digestion and other experiments.Self-contained reagents: anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol.Pre-experiment Preparation and Important Notes1. All components are stable for 1 year in a dry, room temperature (15-30°C) environment, and longer by placing the adsorption columns at 2-8°C. Buffer P1 with RNase A is stable for 6 months at 2-8°C.2. Before the first use, add all of the RNase A solution to Buffer P1, mix well, and store at 2-8°C. Before use, it needs to be left at room temperature for a period of time, return to room temperature and then use.3. Anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer PW before the first use according to the instructions on the reagent bottle label.4. Please check Buffer P2 and Buffer E3 for crystallization or precipitation before use. If there is any crystallization or precipitation, the clarification can be restored by taking a water bath at 37℃ for a few minutes.5. Be careful not to touch Buffer P2 and Buffer E3 directly, and tighten the lid immediately after use.6. The amount and purity of extracted plasmid is related to the concentration of bacterial culture, strain type, plasmid size, plasmid copy number and other factors.7. The adsorption columns treated with Buffer PS should be used immediately to avoid leaving them for too long.Operation steps1.Take 15-50 ml of fresh bacterial solution from the overnight culture, add it to a centrifuge tube (self-prepared) and centrifuge at 5000 × g for 10 minutes to collect the bacteria, and aspirate all the supernatant as much as possible.2.Add 2.5 ml of Buffer P1 to the centrifuge tube in which the bacterial precipitate has been left (please check that RNase A has been added first) and suspend the bacterial precipitate by mixing thoroughly using a pipette or vortex shaker. Note: If the bacterial mass is not thoroughly mixed, it will affect the lysis effect and make the extraction amount and purity low.3.Add 2.5 ml of Buffer P2 to the centrifuge tube, mix gently up and down 8-10 times to fully lyse the organisms, and leave at room temperature for 3-5 minutes. At this point the solution should become clear and viscous. Note: Mix gently, do not shake vigorously, so as not to interrupt the genomic DNA and cause genomic DNA fragments to be mixed in the extracted plasmid. If the solution does not become clear, it suggests that the amount of bacteria may be too large and the lysis is not complete, and the amount of bacteria should be reduced.4.Add 2.5 ml of Buffer E3 to the centrifuge tube and mix immediately by turning up and down 8-10 times, at which time a white flocculent precipitate appears. Note: Buffer E3 should be mixed immediately after addition to avoid localized precipitation.5.Install the cap of the filter (Endo-Remover FX), transfer the solution obtained in step 4 to the filter, wait until the white flocculent precipitate floats on the upper layer of the solution, remove the cap of the filter, align the filter with a clean 15 ml centrifuge tube (supplied), and slowly push the handle (Plungers) to filter, so that as much as possible of the solution passes through, and the filtrate is collected in the centrifuge tube.6.Add 1/3 solution volume of isopropanol to the filtrate and mix upside down.7.Column Equilibrium: Add 1ml Buffer PS to the adsorption column (Spin Columns DX) that has been loaded into a 15ml centrifuge tube, centrifuge for 2 minutes at 2500 x g. Pour off the waste liquid from the centrifuge tube and put the adsorption column back into the centrifuge tube.8.The mixture of filtrate and isopropanol from step 6 was transferred to the equilibrated adsorption column (which had been loaded into a collection tube).9.Centrifuge at 2500 x g for 1 minute, pour off the waste solution in the collection tube and put the adsorption column back into the collection tube. Note: The maximum volume of the adsorption column is 4 ml, so the solution obtained in step 8 is passed through the column in 2 times.10.Add 2 ml of Buffer PW to the adsorption column (please check that anhydrous ethanol has been added first), centrifuge at 2500 × g for 1 min, and pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube.11.Repeat step 10.12.The adsorbent column was put back into the collection tube and centrifuged at 2500 × g for 2 min, the waste liquid was poured off, and the column was left to dry at room temperature for 5 min.Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can interfere with subsequent enzymatic reactions (digestion, PCR, etc.)13. Place the adsorption column in a new 15 ml centrifuge tube, add 0.5-1 ml Endo-Free Buffer EB to the middle of the adsorbent membrane, leave it at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge it at 2500 × g for 2 minutes, and collect the plasmid solution into the centrifuge tube. -20°C to store the plasmid.Note: 1) In order to increase the recovery efficiency of the plasmid, the obtained solution can be reintroduced into the adsorption column, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuged at 2500 x g for 2 minutes, and the plasmid solution can be collected into a centrifuge tube.2) When the plasmid copy number is low or >10kb, Endo-Free Buffer EB can increase the extraction efficiency by preheating at 65-70°C in a water bath... Read More | Apoptosis refers to the cell autonomous and orderly death controlled by genes to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis generally refers to a programmed cell death process that occurs during the development of body cells or under the Apoptosis refers to the cell autonomous and orderly death controlled by genes to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Apoptosis generally refers to a programmed cell death process that occurs during the development of body cells or under the action of some factors through the regulation of intracellular genes and their products. Cell necrosis is a cell death process that is caused by strong physical and chemical or biological factors to cause disordered changes in cells. The difference between apoptosis and necrosis lies in the characteristic morphological and biochemical changes, including the changes of cell membrane permeability and nuclear chromatin, the contraction of cytoplasm and the loss of membrane asymmetry. The oxazole yellow/pi membrane permeability apoptosis detection kit produced by our company is a dual fluorescence detection kit based on oxazole yellow and PI dyes. This kit is suitable for fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microplate reader and other fluorescence detection systems. Oxazole yellow is a non cell membrane penetrating cyanine monomer green fluorescent dye with high affinity for DNA. It basically has no fluorescence when it is not bound to DNA, but can emit bright green fluorescence after binding to DNA. When apoptosis occurs, the permeability of cell membrane changes. At this time, oxazole yellow can enter the cell and bind to DNA, emitting bright green fluorescence. Therefore, it is often used for the detection of apoptosis. It should be noted that oxazole yellow can also stain dead cells, so it needs to be double stained with PI that specifically fluorescently stains dead cells to effectively determine apoptosis. PI (propidium iodide) is a red fluorescent dye that can stain DNA. It is an analog of pyridine bromide that releases red fluorescence after embedding double stranded DNA. Although PI cannot pass through the membrane of living cells, it can cross the damaged cell membrane of dead cells to stain nuclei. Therefore, oxazole yellow combined with PI can be directly used for the detection of apoptosis. Apoptotic cells show green fluorescence, dead cells show both red and green fluorescence positive, and living cells have little or no fluorescence.Components: Components O598364-50T A. Oxazole yellow dye 50 µL B. Propidium Iodide (PI) 50 µLUsage (using flow cytometry as an example):1. Cell preparation(1) For adherent cells, after trypsin digestion, resuspend in culture medium and wash once with pre cooled PBS; The digestion time of trypsin should not be too long to prevent false positives. Note: Digest with trypsin and allow the cells to recover in the optimal cell culture conditions and medium for about 30 minutes, then stain.(2) For suspended cells, centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, discard the supernatant, and wash once with pre cooled PBS.2. Cell stainingSuspend cells in pre cooled PBS, with a recommended cell count of 106 cells/mL per sample. Add 1 µ L Oxazole Yellow and 1 µ L to 1 mL of the samplePI， Gently blow and mix well. Incubate on ice in the dark for 30 minutes. Note: We suggest adding the following two experimental controls:Blank tube: negative control group cells, without dye, used to regulate voltage.Single staining tube: Positive control group cells were treated with only two tubes, Oxazole yellow and PI, for regulating compensation.3. Flow detectionAfter incubation, the sample can be directly detected by flow cytometry, or centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant can be aspirated, and the sample can be resuspended in 1 mL of pre cooled PBS for flow cytometry detection. Oxazole yellow can be excited by a 488 nm laser, and the detected fluorescence emission spectrum is around 530 ± 30 nm (FITC channel), while the PI channel emission spectrum is around 617 nm (PI or PE channel).Product parameters：Oxazole yellow dye:ex/em = 491 / 509 nm (bound DNA); Propidium iodine:ex/em = 535 / 617 nm (combined with DMatters needing attention：1. please centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube immediately before use, and then conduct subsequent experiments. 2. fluorescent dyes have quenching problems. Please try to avoid light to slow down fluorescence quenching. 3. for your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.Scope of application：Membrane permeability apoptosis assay... 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