| Description | Glutathione is a tripeptide containing a γ-amide bond and a sulfhydryl group, composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is widely found in animal and plant tissues and microorganisms. In living organisms, it helps maintain normal immune system function and has antioxidant and Glutathione is a tripeptide containing a γ-amide bond and a sulfhydryl group, composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is widely found in animal and plant tissues and microorganisms. In living organisms, it helps maintain normal immune system function and has antioxidant and detoxifying effects. Glutathione exists in two forms: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG). GSSG, also known as glutathione disulfide, is formed by the oxidation of two glutathione molecules. GSSG can be reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase; therefore, it exists primarily in the reduced form in organisms. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) serves as a key dynamic indicator for assessing the cellular redox state. Detection Principle: Endogenous GSH in the sample is masked by 2-vinylpyridine. Under the catalysis of glutathione reductase (GR), GSSG is reduced to GSH. The generated GSH then reacts with 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to produce yellow-colored 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), which has a characteristic absorption peak at 412 nm. The GSSG content is quantified by measuring the change in absorbance. Detection Range: 1-20 µM Sensitivity: 1 µM Applicable Samples: Animal/plant tissues, blood cells, cells, bacteria, serum (plasma).O1492795Component96TStorageO1492795AExtraction Buffer70 mL×22-8℃O1492795BInhibitor210 µL-20℃. Store in the dark.O1492795CAssay Buffer20 mL2-8℃O1492795DGR14 µL2-8℃. Store in the dark.O1492795EGR Cofactor2 EA-20℃. Store in the dark.O1492795FChromogen2 EA2-8℃. Store in the dark.O1492795GStandard1 EA2-8℃. Store in the dark.User-Provided Instruments and ReagentsTypeNameNotesInstrumentMicroplate ReaderCapable of measuring absorbance at 412 nm.Consumables96-well MicroplateStandard transparent plate.ReagentsPBS / Deionized WaterFor washing samples / Preparing reagents.OthersHomogenizer (for tissue samples), water bath, ice bucket, low-temperature centrifuge, adjustable pipettes and tipsUsing a multichannel pipette for large-scale detection can improve efficiency.Experimental Procedure1. Reagent PreparationReagent NameReagent PreparationPrecautionsExtraction BufferReady-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use.Store at 4°C.Diluted Extraction BufferAdd 500 µL Extraction Buffer to 4.5 mL deionized water.Obtained by 10-fold dilution of Extraction Buffer.InhibitorReady-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use.Store at -20°C protected from light. Toxic and irritant; recommended to handle in a fume hood.Assay BufferReady-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use.Store at 4°C.GR DilutionBefore use, prepare by adding 1 µL GR to 20 µL deionized water per sample.Prepare freshly before use.GR Cofactor DilutionBefore use, add 1.5 mL deionized water to each vial; equilibrate to room temperature protected from light.After dissolution, store at -20°C protected from light for up to 1 month.Chromogen DilutionBefore use, add 1.5 mL deionized water to each vial; equilibrate to room temperature protected from light.After dissolution, store at 4°C protected from light for up to 1 month.GSSG StandardDissolve in 1 mL of Diluted Extraction Buffer.20 mM; After dissolution, aliquot and store at -20°C protected from light for up to 1 month.2. Standard PreparationTake 100 µL of the 20 mM GSSG standard and dilute with 900 µL Diluted Extraction Buffer to obtain a 2 mM GSSG standard solution.Take 10 µL of the 2 mM GSSG standard and dilute with 990 µL Diluted Extraction Buffer to obtain a 20 µM GSSG standard solution.Further dilute the standard as shown in the table below. A standard curve must be prepared for each experiment. Diluted standard solutions are unstable and must be used within 4 hours.Standard Working Solution20µM Standard (µL)Diluted Extraction Buffer (µL)Concentration (µM)110002028020163604012440608520804610902759513. Sample PreparationNote: Fresh samples are recommended. If not used immediately, samples can be stored at -80°C for up to 10 days. Because the Extraction Buffer contains a protein precipitant, the supernatant cannot be used for protein concentration determination. If protein content needs to be measured, prepare another identical sample using deionized water instead of Extraction Buffer.3.1 Animal/Plant Tissue Samples:Use fresh tissue samples whenever possible. Weigh 0.1 g of tissue, add 1 mL of pre-cooled Extraction Buffer, and homogenize quickly on ice (pre-cool the homogenizer on ice). Centrifuge the homogenate at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.3.2 Serum/Plasma Samples:Use fresh serum (plasma) whenever possible. Centrifuge the collected serum (plasma) at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min. Within 30 minutes, aspirate the supernatant into another tube. Add an equal volume of Extraction Buffer, mix, then centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.3.3 Cell or Bacterial Samples:Use fresh cells (bacteria) whenever possible; avoid using frozen cells (bacteria). Collect 5×10⁶ cells (bacteria). Wash twice with 1 mL of pre-cooled PBS (resuspend in PBS, centrifuge at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min). Add 3 times the volume of Extraction Buffer relative to the cell (bacterial) pellet to resuspend the cells (bacteria). Disrupt by ultrasound on ice (power 20% or 200 W, ultrasonicate for 3 s, interval 7 s, repeat 30 times). Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.Note: Cells can also be extracted using a freeze-thaw method (not suitable for bacteria): Resuspend cells and subject to 2-3 rapid freeze-thaw cycles (freeze in liquid nitrogen, thaw in a 37°C water bath). Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.4. Assay Steps4.1 Microplate Reader Preparation: Preheat for at least 30 minutes, set wavelength to 412 nm.4.2 Assay System Setup (Step 1 - Pre-treatment): Perform the following operations in 1.5 mL EP tubes. This step must be done in EP tubes. Do not add Inhibitor directly to the 96-well plate as it may corrode the plate. Inhibitor is toxic and irritant; recommended to handle in a fume hood.ReagentBlank Tube (µL)Standard Tube (µL)Test Tube (µL)Sample003Deionized Water30027Standard0300Inhibitor1.51.51.54.3 Mix well and incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes. This becomes the "Mixture".4.4 Assay System Setup (Step 2 - Reaction): Perform the following operations in a 96-well plate.ReagentBlank Well (µL)Standard Well (µL)Test Well (µL)Mixture212121Assay Buffer140140140GR Dilution222GR Cofactor Dilution202020Chromogen Dilution2020204.5 Absorbance Measurement: Mix thoroughly after addition. Read the absorbance at 412 nm (A1), recorded as A1 blank, A1 standard, and A1 test. Then incubate at 37°C protected from light for 10 minutes. Quickly read the absorbance at 412 nm again (A2), recorded as A2 blank, A2 standard, and A2 test. 5. Result Calculation The following provides both the derived formula and the simplified calculation formula, which are completely equivalent. 5.1 Data Processing Calculate ΔA = A2 - A1 for each. Then calculate ΔΔA standard = ΔA standard - ΔA blank And ΔΔA test = ΔA test - ΔA blank 5.2 Standard Curve Plotting 5.2 Standard Curve Plotting Plot the standard curve with standard concentration as the y-axis and ΔΔA standard as the x-axis. Substitute ΔΔA test into the equation to obtain the y value (µM). 5.3 Sample GSSG Content Calculation (1) Based on sample mass: GSSG (nmol/g) = y × V standard ÷ V sample × V extract ÷ W × n = 10 × y ÷ W × n (2) Based on cell or bacterial count: GSSG (nmol/10⁴) = y × V standard ÷ V sample × V extract ÷ 500 × n = 0.02 × y × V extract × n (3) Based on liquid volume: GSSG (nmol/mL) = y × V standard ÷ V sample × 2 × n = 20 × y × n (4) Based on protein concentration: GSSG (nmol/mg prot) = y × V standard ÷ V sample ÷ Cpr × n = 10 × y ÷ Cpr × n Parameter Description: 1 µM = 1 nmol/mL; V standard : Volume of standard added, 30 µL; V sample : Volume of sample added, 3 µL; V extract : Volume of Extraction Buffer added, 1 mL (for cells/bacteria, use the actual volume used); W: Sample mass, g; n: Sample dilution factor; Cpr: Sample protein concentration, mg/mL; 500: Cell or bacterial count, in units of 10⁴; 2: Dilution factor for liquid samples (added equal volume of Extraction Buffer).6. Result PresentationTypical Standard Curve: y = 8.0042x + 0.212, R² = 0.9997Example-1: 0.1 g of rat liver tissue was processed and assayed according to the procedure using a 96-well plate. Measured: ΔA test = A2 test - A1 test = 0.386 - 0.120 = 0.266 ΔA blank = A2 blank - A1 blank = 0.132 - 0.097 = 0.035 ΔΔA test = ΔA test - ΔA blank = 0.266 - 0.035 = 0.231 Substituting ΔΔA test into the standard curve equation gives y = 2.061 µM. Calculated based on sample mass: GSSG (nmol/g) = y × V standard ÷ V sample × V extract ÷ W × n = 10 × y ÷ W × n = 206.1 nmol/g.Precautions1. It is recommended to perform preliminary experiments using 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences before formal testing.2. The samples extracted with this kit are suitable for the detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Because the extraction buffer contains a protein precipitant, the supernatant cannot be used for protein concentration determination. If protein content needs to be measured, prepare another identical sample using deionized water instead of the extraction buffer. For protein concentration determination, Aladdin BCA Protein Quantification Kit (B665595) or Ready-to-Use BCA Protein Quantification Kit (R1491648) are recommended.3. This kit is compatible with spectrophotometer detection. Adjust the preparation volume of detection reagents proportionally according to the spectrophotometer's requirements.4. It is recommended to establish your own standard curve for improved accuracy. If not, you may refer to the typical standard curve formula provided in the results section for calculation.5. Biochemical reagents are generally irritating and biologically toxic. For your safety and health, please wear appropriate personal protective equipment (lab coat, mask, gloves, hair cap, etc.) throughout the experiment and perform experiments in a fume hood or biosafety cabinet.6. This product is for scientific research use only. Not intended for clinical diagnosis.Frequently Asked Questions Q: What should I do if the sample ΔA test is too high or too low? Frequently Asked Questions Q: What should I do if the sample ΔA test is too high or too low? A: If the sample ΔA test is greater than the ΔA standard of the 20 µM standard, the GSSG content in the sample is too high. Dilute the sample appropriately with deionized water (multiply by the dilution factor in the calculation). If the sample ΔA test is less than 0.005, increase the sample amount.Q: Can blood cell samples be detected?A: Yes, blood cell samples can be detected. Centrifuge the collected anticoagulated blood at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min. Discard the upper plasma and wash the pellet 2-3 times with 3 volumes of PBS (resuspend blood cells in PBS, centrifuge at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min). Add an equal volume of Extraction Buffer, mix, and let stand at 4°C for 10 min. Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection... Read More | FFPE DNA/RNA KitFixed Tissue DNA/RNA Extraction Kit Catalog number: F666120 (50 preps)Storage conditions: DNase I and 10×Reaction Buffer -20℃, Spin Columns DF and Spin Columns RS can be stored at room temperature for 2 months, 2-8℃ for 1 year, the rest of the components are stored FFPE DNA/RNA KitFixed Tissue DNA/RNA Extraction Kit Catalog number: F666120 (50 preps)Storage conditions: DNase I and 10×Reaction Buffer -20℃, Spin Columns DF and Spin Columns RS can be stored at room temperature for 2 months, 2-8℃ for 1 year, the rest of the components are stored at room temperature (15-30℃).Products Content:Products IntroductionThis kit is suitable for the effective purification of genomic DNA and total RNA from paraffin-embedded tissues, using specially optimized deparaffinizing agents and lysates to release DNA and RNA from tissue section samples, without the use of the organic reagent xylene, and without the need for overnight operation; the digested samples are incubated at higher temperatures to remove inhibitors caused by cross-linking, which can effectively improve nucleic acid yields and purity; and an optimized buffer system allows nucleic acids in the lysate to bind specifically to the adsorbent membrane, and inhibitors are effectively removed by a two-step rinsing procedure. The optimized buffer system enables the nucleic acids in the lysate to bind specifically to the adsorbent membrane, and the inhibitors are effectively removed by a two-step rinsing step, and finally eluted with low-salt buffer or water to obtain high purity DNA and RNA, and at the same time, equipped with a high-efficiency microsorbent column, the volume of the elution can be as low as 20 µl. The purified DNA and RNA can be directly used for PCR, Real-time PCR, SNP genotyping, STR genotyping, and so on. The purified DNA and RNA can be directly used for PCR, Real-time PCR, SNP genotyping, STR genotyping, second-generation sequencing, pharmacogenomics research and blot analysis.Self-contained reagent: anhydrous ethanolPre-experiment Preparation and Important Notes 1. After obtaining the sample, fix the sample as soon as possible, the fixation time of 14-24 hours is appropriate, too long a period of time will easily lead toDNA and RNA breaks, affecting downstream experiments. If the formaldehyde fixation time is too long or the sample is stored for too long(>1 year) is prone to compromise DNA integrity and failure to amplify long fragments.2. Ensure that samples are thoroughly dehydrated prior to embedding; residual formalin will inhibit Proteinase K action.3. Add 1.25 ml of Proteinase K Storage Buffer to Proteinase K to dissolve it, and store at -20℃. Do not leave the prepared Proteinase K at room temperature for a long period of time to avoid affecting its activity.4. Anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer RW2, Buffer GW1 and Buffer GW2 according to the label instructions on the vials before first use.5. Check Buffer GTL, Buffer GL and Buffer DS for crystallization or precipitation prior to use; if crystallization or precipitation occurs, redissolve Buffer GTL, Buffer GL and Buffer DS in a 37°C water bath.6. Preheat the water bath or thermostatic mixer to 56°C before starting the experiment.7. Use an ambient temperature centrifuge or set the centrifuge temperature to 25°C. Temperatures below 15°C may result in clogging of the adsorption column.8. To prevent RNase contamination, the following should be observed:1) Use RNase-free plastics and tips to avoid cross-contamination.(2) Glassware should be dry baked at 180°C for 4 hours before use, plasticware can be soaked in 0.5 M NaOH for 10 minutes, rinsed thoroughly with water and autoclaved.3) RNase-free water should be used to prepare the solution.(4) Operators wear disposable masks and gloves, and change gloves diligently during the experiment.procedureParaffin-embedded samples1. Trim off excess paraffin from the tissue block to expose the tissue and cut into 5-10 µm slices.2. Place approximately 1 x 1 cm2 slices (1-5 slices in total) in a centrifuge tube (supplied), add 500 µl of Buffer DS and vortex for 10 s. Briefly centrifuge the sample to the bottom of the tube. Centrifuge briefly to collect the sample at the bottom of the tube, incubate at 56°C for 3 minutes, remove from the water bath and allow to cool to room temperature before proceeding.Note: If the surface of the sample is exposed to air, discard the initial 2-3 slices without using them.3. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and carefully discard the supernatant thoroughly without aspirating the precipitate. The residual dewaxing solution can be carefully removed with a small tip (10 µl).4. Add 180 µl of Buffer GTL and 20 µl of Proteinase K to the above tube and mix well with vortexing.5. Incubate at 56°C for 15 minutes, then place on ice for 3 minutes. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes at room temperature.6. Transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube for RNA extraction, taking care not to aspirate undigested tissue. Use the precipitate for DNA extraction. RNA extraction7. Take the supernatant obtained in step 6 and incubate at 80°C for 15 minutes.8. Add 320 µl of Buffer GL, mix by vortexing and shaking, then add 720 µl of anhydrous ethanol and mix immediately by vortexing and shaking.9. Add all of the resulting solution to the Spin Columns RS in the collection tube; if the solution cannot be added all at once, it may be transferred in several passes. centrifuge the column at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, pour off the waste solution from the collection tube, and place the column back into the collection tube. Note: If the columns are clogged, the sample size may be too large and consideration should be given to reducing the number of starting sections to 1-2.Optional step: If genomic DNA is to be removed, the following steps can be followeda. Add 350 µl of Buffer RW1 to the column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste solution, and place the column back into the collection tube.b. Preparation of DNase I mixture: Take 52 µl of RNase-Free Water and add 8 µl of 10×Reaction to it.Buffer and 20 µl DNase I (1 U/µl), mix well, and prepare a final volume of 80 µl of reaction solution.c. Add 80 µl of DNase I Mix directly to the adsorption column and incubate at 20-30°C for 15 minutes.d. Add 350 µl of Buffer RW1 to the column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste solution, and return the column to the collection tube.Add 500 µl of Buffer RW2 to the adsorbent column, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 min, pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube, and put the adsorbent column back into the collection tube.11. Repeat step 10. centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube. Place the column at room temperature for 5 minutes.minutes to dry thoroughly.12. Place the column in a new RNase-free centrifuge tube and add 20-50 µl to the center of the column.RNase-Free Water, left at room temperature for 5 minutes, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, and collected RNA solution, the-80°C for storage.DNA extraction7. Take the precipitate obtained in step 6 and add 180 µl Buffer GTL and 20 µl Proteinase K to the precipitate. VortexResuspend the precipitate for 15 seconds.8. Incubate at 56°C for 1 hour until the sample is completely dissolved. 90°C for 1 hour.Add 200 µl Buffer GL, vortex and shake to mix and then add 200 µl anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake to mix thoroughly. Centrifuge briefly so that the solution on the wall of the tube collects at the bottom of the tube. Add all of the solution from step 9 to the Spin Columns DF in the collection tube, or transfer the solution in several passes. centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, pour off the waste solution from the collection tube, and return the column to the 10. collection tube.Note: If the adsorption column is clogged, the sample size may be too large and consideration should be given to reducing the number of starting sections to 1-2.11. Add 500 µl of Buffer GW1 to the adsorbent column and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute. Pour off the waste liquid from the collection tube and put the column back into the collection tube.12. Add 500 µl of Buffer GW2 to the adsorbent column and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute. Pour off the waste liquid from the collection tube and place the column back into the collection tube.Note: Step 12 may be repeated if further purity is required.13. Centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 2 minutes and pour off the waste liquid in the collection tube. Leave the adsorption column at room temperature for 5 minutes to dry thoroughly. Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorbent column; ethanol residue will affect the subsequent enzymatic reaction. 14. Place the column in a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube, add 20-50 µl Buffer EB to the center of the column, leave at room temperature for 5 minutes, centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 1 minute, collect the DNA solution, and store at -20℃... Read More | Inquire | Product content Q665687Component100 TStorageQ665687AQuick T4 DNA Ligase (15 U/µL)100 µL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.Q665687B2×Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer5×200 µL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. Product IntroductionThe Quick Ligation Reaction Kit allows ligationProduct content Q665687Component100 TStorageQ665687AQuick T4 DNA Ligase (15 U/µL)100 µL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.Q665687B2×Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer5×200 µL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. Product IntroductionThe Quick Ligation Reaction Kit allows ligation of DNA sticky or flush ends in 5 minutes at room temperature (25°C). The kit contains Quick T4 DNA Ligase and 2×Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer optimized for fast and efficient DNA ligation.The ligation efficiency of Quick Ligation is equivalent to 1 hour of conventional ligation with T4 DNA Ligase. The Quick Ligation products can be used directly in routine bacterial transformation experiments.matters needing attention1. This kit enables most of the linkage reactions to reach the reaction endpoint within 5 minutes or less at 25°C. Increasing the reaction time will not enhance the reaction efficiency. If you use the rapid connection reaction after 1 hour, the conversion efficiency will be significantly reduced; if the rapid connection reaction at 25 ℃ overnight, the conversion efficiency will drop to 75%.2. 2×Quick Ligation Reaction Buffer contains ATP, which should be thawed on ice and mixed thoroughly before use. It is recommended to freeze the buffer in small tubes for the first time, so as to avoid repeated freezing and thawing, which will affect the efficiency of DNA ligation.3. Since T4 DNA Ligase contains glycerol, which is sticky and easy to hang on the wall, it is recommended to collect the liquid to the bottom of the tube by centrifugation for a short period of time before use, and the tip of the lance should not go too deep into the liquid surface when taking samples to avoid sticking to the tip of the lance and causing losses.4. If the quick ligation product is used for electrotransformation, the PEG in the quick ligation reaction system will affect the efficiency of electrotransformation, and it is recommended to use a centrifugal column to purify the ligation product from DNA before electrotransformation.Usage1. The reaction solution was prepared according to the following system:*The amount of Insert DNA used: the molar ratio of Vector DNA and Insert DNA is generally 1:3-1:8, and the appropriate molar ratio of Vector DNA and Insert DNA can be selected according to the experimental situation.Calculation of DNA molar number: DNA molar number (nmol)=DNA mass (ng)/( 660daltons x number of inserted DNA bases bp).2. mix gently and centrifuge briefly. react at 25°C for 5 minutes.Note: The reaction time should not exceed 15 minutes, otherwise the connection efficiency will be reduced.3. Do not perform heat inactivation reactions. Centrifuge instantly and collect the solution from the wall to the bottom of the tube.Note: Heat inactivation significantly reduces transformation efficiency due to the presence of PEG in the buffer.4. After the reaction, store the DNA ligation product at 0-4℃, and then carry out transformation experiments; you can also store the DNA ligation product at -20℃.Note: When transforming by chemical method, do not add more than 10% of the volume of the receptor cell for the ligation product.5. Heat shock the ligation product to transform 50 µl of receptor cells or take 1-2 µl of ligation product to electroshock transform 50 µl of receptor cells.Note: 1) When transforming by chemical method, do not add more than 10% of the volume of the receptor cell for the ligation product.(2) If the quick ligation product is used for electrotransformation, it is recommended to use a centrifugal column to purify the ligation product from DNA before electrotransformation because the PEG in the quick ligation reaction system will affect the efficiency of electrotransformation... Read More | Product content: U665923Component50 T200 TStorageU665923ABuffer GTL15 mL60 mLRTU665923BBuffer GL15 mL50 mLRTU665923CBuffer GW1 (concentrate)13 mL52 mLRTU665923DBuffer GW2 (concentrate)15 mL70 mLRTU665923EBuffer GE15 mL60 mLRTU665923FProteinase K1.25 mL4×1.25 mLRTU665923GSpin Columns DM with Product content: U665923Component50 T200 TStorageU665923ABuffer GTL15 mL60 mLRTU665923BBuffer GL15 mL50 mLRTU665923CBuffer GW1 (concentrate)13 mL52 mLRTU665923DBuffer GW2 (concentrate)15 mL70 mLRTU665923EBuffer GE15 mL60 mLRTU665923FProteinase K1.25 mL4×1.25 mLRTU665923GSpin Columns DM with Collection Tubes50 EA200 EART Product Introduction:This reagent kit is suitable for extracting high-purity total DNA from various samples such as fresh or frozen animal tissues, cells, blood, bacteria, etc. This product can purify DNA fragments with a maximum molecular weight of 50 kb. The purification process does not require the use of toxic solvents such as phenol or chloroform, nor does it require ethanol precipitation. This reagent kit adopts an optimized buffer system to efficiently and specifically bind DNA from the lysis solution to the silica matrix centrifuge adsorption column. Inhibitors of PCR and other enzymatic reactions can be effectively removed through a two-step washing step. Finally, high-purity DNA can be obtained by washing with low salt buffer or water. The purified DNA can be directly used for downstream experiments such as enzyme digestion, PCR, Real Time PCR, library construction, Southern Blot, and molecular labeling.Self prepared reagent: anhydrous ethanolEnzymatic Lysis Buffer (preparation required for extracting genomic DNA from Gram positive bacteria).Self prepared reagent: Enzymatic Lysis Buffer Formula: 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 2 mM Na2 EDTA; 1.2% Triton self prepared reagent: X-100; Lysozyme with a final concentration of 20 mg/mL.Preparation and important precautions before the experiment:1. Samples should avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, otherwise it may result in smaller extracted DNA fragments and a decrease in extraction volume.2.If extracting the genome of bacterial cultures with a large accumulation of secondary metabolites or thick cell walls, it is recommended to collect samples early in the logarithmic growth phase.3.Before the first use, anhydrous ethanol should be added to Buffer GW1 and Buffer GW2 according to the instructions on the reagent bottle label.4. Before use, please check if there is any crystallization or precipitation in Buffer GTL and Buffer GL. If there is any crystallization or precipitation, please dissolve Buffer GL and Buffer GTL again in a 56 ℃ water bath.5. If downstream experiments are sensitive to RNA contamination, 4 can be added before adding Buffer GL µ RNase A of L DNase Free (100 mg/mL) was not provided in this kit.Operation steps：Genome extraction from blood and cell samples1. Material processing1a If the extracted material is mammalian anticoagulant blood (non nucleated red blood cells), it can be directly directed to 50-200 µ Add Buffer GTL to fresh or frozen anticoagulant blood samples to supplement up to 200 µ L;1b If the extracted material is anticoagulant blood from poultry, birds, amphibians, or lower level organisms, and their red blood cells are nucleated cells, take 5-10 µ L fresh or frozen anticoagulant blood samples, add Buffer GTL to supplement up to 200 µ L;1c The cells cultured on the wall should be first processed into a cell suspension (with a maximum extraction amount of 5 × 10 cells), centrifuged at 2000 rpm (400 × g) for 5 minutes, discarded from the supernatant, and added with 200 µ L GTL, oscillate until the sample is completely suspended;Note: To remove RNA, add 4 after completing the above steps µ RNase A solution with a concentration of 100 mg/mL was vortexed for 15 seconds and left at room temperature for 2 minutes.2. Add 20 µ L Protein K.3. Add 200 µ L Buffer GL, vortex oscillation thoroughly mixed, 56 ℃ water bath for 10 minutes.4. Temporarily centrifuge to remove water droplets from the inner wall of the tube cover. Join 200 µ L anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake thoroughly to mix well. Short centrifugation.Attention: 1) After adding Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol, immediately vortex shake and mix well.2) The addition of Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol may produce white precipitates, which will not affect subsequent experiments. Some organizations may form sol-gel products after adding Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol, and it is recommended to perform severe shaking or vortex treatment at this time.5. Add all the solutions obtained in the previous step to the spin columns DM that have been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.6. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW1 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.7. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.Note: To further improve DNA purity, repeat step 7.8.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry.Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.).9. Place the adsorption column in a new centrifuge tube (provided by oneself) and add 50-200 to the middle of the adsorption column in the air µ L Buffer GE or sterilized water, leave at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect DNA solution, and store DNA at -20 ℃.Attention:1) If downstream experiments are sensitive to pH or EDTA, they can be washed off with sterilized water. The pH value of the eluent has a significant impact on the elution efficiency. If water is used as the eluent, its pH value should be ensured to be between 7.0-8.5 (NaOH can be used to adjust the pH value of the water to this range). When the pH value is below 7.0, the elution efficiency is not high.2) Preheating the GE in a water bath at 65-70 ℃ and incubating it at room temperature for 5 minutes before centrifugation can increase yield; Use an additional 50-200 µ Re washing with GE or sterilized water can increase yield.3) If the final concentration of DNA needs to be increased, the obtained solution can be re added to the adsorption column, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 minute; If the elution volume is less than 200 µ L. It is possible to increase the final concentration of DNA, but it may reduce the total yield. If the amount of DNA is less than 1 µ g. Recommended 50 µ Wash with GE or sterilized water.4) Because DNA stored in water is affected by acidic hydrolysis, if long-term preservation is required, it is recommended to elute with Bu ff er GE and store at -20 ℃.Genome extraction from animal tissues1. Material processingIf the extracted material is animal tissue, take 25 mg (the amount of spleen tissue should be less than 10 mg); If the material is mouse tail, take a section of rat tail with a length of 0.4-0.6 cm or two sections of mouse tail with a length of 0.4-0.6 cm.1a. After liquid nitrogen grinding or cutting the sample into small pieces, place it in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube and add 180 mL µ Label different samples with L Buffer GTL.1b If using a homogenizer to process the sample, add no more than 80% of the homogenizer to the sample before homogenization µ L Buffer GTL, add 100 after homogenization µ L Buffer GTL.Attention:1) Ensure that the quantity of each organization does not exceed the recommended range.2) The tissue samples can be ground with liquid nitrogen or homogenized with a homogenizer before adding Bu ff er GTL, which can increase the cracking efficiency.2. Add 20 µ L Protein K, vortex oscillation thoroughly mixes the sample. Take a 56 ℃ water bath until the tissue is completely lysed. During the incubation process, the centrifuge tube can be inverted or shaken periodically to disperse the sample.Attention:1) The digestion time varies for different tissues, usually taking 1-3 hours to complete. The tail of the mouse needs to be digested for 6-8 hours, and if necessary, overnight digestion will not affect subsequent operations.2) If there is still gel like substance after incubation and vortex oscillation, extend the incubation time at 56 ℃ or add another 20 µ L Protein K digestion.3) To remove RNA, add 4 after completing the above steps µ RNase A solution with a concentration of 100 mg/mL, vortex for 15 seconds, and leave at room temperature for 5-10 minutes.3. Add 200 µ L Buffer GL, vortex shake thoroughly and mix well, take a water bath at 70 ℃ for 10 minutes. Add 200 after brief centrifugation µ L anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake thoroughly to mix well.Attention:1) After adding Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol, immediately vortex and shake to mix well.2) The addition of Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol may produce white precipitates, which will not affect subsequent experiments. Some tissues (such as the spleen and lungs) may form sol-gel products after adding Bu ff er GL and anhydrous ethanol. In this case, it is recommended to perform vigorous shaking or vortex treatment.4. Centrifuge briefly and add all the solution obtained in step 3 to the spin columns DM that have been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.5. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW1 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.6. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.Note: To further improve DNA purity, repeat step 6.7.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry.Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.).8. Place the adsorption column in a new centrifuge tube (provided by oneself) and add 50-200 to the middle of the adsorption column in the air µ L Buffer GE or sterilized water, leave at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect DNA solution, and store DNA at -20 ℃.Attention:1) If downstream experiments are sensitive to pH or EDTA, they can be washed off with sterilized water. The pH value of the eluent has a significant impact on the elution efficiency. If water is used as the eluent, its pH value should be ensured to be between 7.0-8.5 (NaOH can be used to adjust the pH value of the water to this range). When the pH value is below 7.0, the elution efficiency is not high.2) Preheating the GE in a water bath at 65-70 ℃ and incubating it at room temperature for 5 minutes before centrifugation can increase yield; Use an additional 50-200 µ Re washing with GE or sterilized water can increase yield.3) If the final concentration of DNA needs to be increased, the obtained solution can be re added to the adsorption column, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 minute; If the elution volume is less than 200 µ L. It is possible to increase the final concentration of DNA, but it may reduce the total yield. If the amount of DNA is less than 1 µ g. Recommended 50 µ Wash with GE or sterilized water.4) Because DNA stored in water is affected by acidic hydrolysis, if long-term preservation is required, it is recommended to elute with Bu ff er GE and store at -20 ℃. i ii Genomic extraction of blood and cell samples1. Bacterial sample pretreatment1a Gram negative bacteria(1) Take 1-5mL of bacterial culture (10 ^ -10 ^ cells, up to a maximum of 2 × 10 ^ cells) and place it in a centrifuge tube (self prepared). Centrifuge at 12000 rpm (~13400 × g) for 1 minute and try to aspirate the supernatant as much as possible.(2) Add 180 to the precipitate µ L Buffer GTL, shake to suspend bacterial weight.(3) Join 20 µ L Protein K, vortex mix well, incubate at 56 ° C until the bacterial cell is completely lysed, and during the incubation process, invert or shake the centrifuge tube periodically to disperse the sample.Note: To remove RNA, add 4 after completing the above steps µ L RNase A solution with a concentration of 100 mg/mL, shake well and let stand at room temperature for 5-10 minutes.(4) Join 200 µ L Buffer GL, vortex oscillation mixing.1b Gram positive bacteria(1) Take 1-5 mL of bacterial culture (10 ^ -10 ^ cells, maximum not exceeding 2 x 10 ^ cells) and place it in a centrifuge tube (self prepared). Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute and try to aspirate the supernatant as much as possible.(2) Join 180 µ L Enzymatic Lysis Buffer (self provided) suspends the bacterial weight.(3) Incubate at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes.(4) Join 20 µ L Protein K vortex oscillation, thoroughly mixed. Join 200 µ L Buffer GL, vortex oscillation mixing. Incubate at 56 ℃ for 30 minutes.Attention:1) If necessary, incubation at 95 ° C for 15 minutes can inactivate the pathogen, but incubation at 95 ° C can cause some DNA degradation.2) To remove RNA, add 4 after completing the above steps µ L RNase A solution with a concentration of 100 mg/mL, shake well and let stand at room temperature for 5-10 minutes.2. Add 200 µ L anhydrous ethanol, vortex and shake thoroughly to mix well.Attention: Adding anhydrous ethanol may produce white precipitates, which will not affect subsequent experiments.3. Add all the solution obtained from step 2 (including the formed precipitate) to the adsorption column (Spin Columns DM) that has been loaded into the collection tube. If the solution cannot be added at once, it can be transferred multiple times. Centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.4. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW1 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.5. Add 500 to the adsorption column µ L Buffer GW2 (check if anhydrous ethanol has been added before use), centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, discard the waste liquid in the collection tube, and place the adsorption column back into the collection tube.Note: To further improve DNA purity, repeat step 5.6.12000 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the waste liquid from the collection tube. Place the adsorption column at room temperature for a few minutes to thoroughly air dry.Note: The purpose of this step is to remove residual ethanol from the adsorption column, which can affect subsequent enzymatic reactions (such as enzyme digestion, PCR, etc.).7. Place the adsorption column in a new centrifuge tube (provided by oneself) and add 50-200 to the middle of the adsorption column in the air µ L Buffer GE or sterilized water, leave at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, centrifuge at 12000 rpm for 1 minute, collect DNA solution, and store DNA at -20 ℃.Attention:1) If downstream experiments are sensitive to pH or EDTA, they can be washed off with sterilized water. The pH value of the eluent has a significant impact on the elution efficiency. If water is used as the eluent, its pH value should be ensured to be between 7.0-8.5 (NaOH can be used to adjust the pH value of the water to this range). When the pH value is below 7.0, the elution efficiency is not high.2) Preheating the GE in a water bath at 65-70 ℃ and incubating it at room temperature for 5 minutes before centrifugation can increase yield; Use an additional 50-200 µ Re washing with GE or sterilized water can increase yield.3) If the final concentration of DNA needs to be increased, the obtained solution can be re added to the adsorption column, left at room temperature for 2-5 minutes, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 minute; If the elution volume is less than 200 µ L. It is possible to increase the final concentration of DNA, but it may reduce the total yield. If the amount of DNA is less than 1 µ g. Recommended 50 µ Wash with GE or sterilized water.4) Because DNA stored in water is affected by acidic hydrolysis, if long-term preservation is required, it is recommended to elute with Bu ff er GE and store at -20 ℃... Read More |