Microwave synthesizers, also called microwave chemistry synthesizers and microwave reactors, can significantly reduce synthesis time for both organic and inorganic compounds—in some cases reducing a reaction that would occur over several hours to several minutes. Other benefits include milder reaction conditions, higher chemical yield, and lower energy usage. It is no wonder then that these instruments have become a mainstay in a variety of labs, including many pharmaceutical, organic chemistry, and materials science labs.
Microwave synthesizers work by exposing chemical reactions to electric fields under high pressure; this rapidly heats the molecules through motion generated either through dipolar polarization or ionic conduction. Because of the high pressure, solvents can be heated beyond their standard boiling points. Microwave synthesizers can be optimized for organic or inorganic chemicals or a combined synthesis approach. Other factors to consider when purchasing a synthesizer is the reaction time, capacity, synthesis scale, and any specialized controls.