| Description | Absorbance: A412 nm = 1.10 at 1/50 dilution in deionized waterGeneral DescriptionEr are rabbit red blood cells which have been washed free of rabbit plasmaproteins, but they are not coated with antibodies as is done with EA. These cells have traditionally been used as cells that spontaneously Absorbance: A412 nm = 1.10 at 1/50 dilution in deionized waterGeneral DescriptionEr are rabbit red blood cells which have been washed free of rabbit plasmaproteins, but they are not coated with antibodies as is done with EA. These cells have traditionally been used as cells that spontaneously activate the human alternative complement pathway in serum samples (Morgan, B.P. (2000; Dodds, A.W. and Sim, R.B. (1997)). Most human serum samples have small amounts of natural antibodies (usually IgG) to rabbit antigens and at high concentrations of serum these will agglutinate Er. This will activate the classical pathway if not blocked. Blocking the classical pathway is usually accomplished with 3 to 13 mM MgEGTA.Er are supplied at assay-ready concentrations in the traditional buffer used for APH50 assays (GVB°) which lacks metal ions. They can usually be used for 2 weeks after preparation. They are shipped cold, but are not harmed by extended periods at room temperature (note that they circulate 60+ days at 37℃in vivo). They should be washed once before each use (3-5 min at 500 to 1000 x g at 4℃) and resuspended in GVB° to reduce background and readjust their concentration. This procedure may also be used to concentrate the cells.Physical CharacteristicsEr are natural uncoated (non-opsonized) rabbit erythrocytes.AssaysAlthough the APH50 titer is widely used and serves as the primary test for alternative pathway complement activity, the APH50 assay procedure is not entirely standardized. In research labs there are as many procedures as there are labs, but all are basically similar and give useful results. The main difference between the classical pathway assays for CH50 determination and the alternative pathway assays for APH50 is the concentration of serum required. Alternative pathway activity becomes ineffective at dilutions of serum beyond 1/10 to 1/30. In contrast, CH50 titers are performed in the range 1/100 to 1/500 dilution. Dilution silences the alternative pathway in CH50 titers, but APH50 measurements would be overwhelmed by the classical pathway if this pathway were not blocked. Blocking of alternative pathway activity may be accomplished by using serum depleted of factor B or D or most conveniently by adding 3 to 13 mM MgEGTA (final concentration) to the assays which completely inhibits the classical pathway by chelating calcium ions and dissociating C1. Briefly, a complement-containing serum sample is diluted such that the final dilutions in the assay are in the range from 1/2 to 1/20. Controls include two tubes with no complement for the 0% lysis background and two tubes for 100% lysis. Assay tubes should be set up on ice. The assays are performed in 200 µL containing 4 to 60 µL of test serum, 10 µL 0.1 M MgEGTA, GVB°, and 50 µL Er. The assays are mixed and placed in a 37℃ water bath with remixing at approximately 10 min intervals. After 30 min, 2 mL of cold GVBE is added, mixed and the unlysed cells are spun down (500-1000 x g for 3 min). The absorbance of the supernatant should be determined at 412 nm in a 1 cm cuvette and the percentage of specific lysis calculated after subtracting the background and dividing by the 100% lysis control. The data is plotted as percent lysis on the y axis and µL serum on the x axis. The APH50 value of the complement sample is calculated from the amount of serum needed to cause lysis of 50% of the cells. For example, if it takes 12 µL NHS to lyse 50% of the cells then this serum would contain 83 AHP50 units/mL (1000 µL /12 µL = 83 units/mL). It should be noted that somewhat different APH50 values can be obtained on what should be identical samples. This is the result of the vast number of variables involved in APH50 determinations including the fact that each batch of rabbit erythrocytes is slightly different.ApplicationsEr cells are primarily used to determine the activity of the alternative pathway of complement (APH50 titer) (Morgan, B.P. (2000; Dodds, A.W. and Sim, R.B. (1997)). Natural antibodies present in human blood to animal antigens may cause agglutination of the cells. This antibody may also cause lysis if the classical pathway is not blocked.Rabbit erythrocytes are attacked and lysed by the alternative pathways of most mammalian species. It has not been clearly demonstrated why rabbit complement does not lyse rabbit Er when most other animal species do lyse these cells, although they do carry rabbit DAF which works on rabbit, but not human complement enzymes.RegulationRabbit erythrocytes (Er) are used for human complement assays partly for convenience, but also because they lack membrane-bound regulators of human complement. No significant level of functional DAF, CD59 or CR1 exists on Er for human complement. Thus, Er are useful for their lack of membrane regulatory activities... Read More | description：Bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I produced recombinantly in yeast, Pichia pastoris, to decrease levels of contaminating RNase and eliminate potential pathogens associated with animal based materials.Bovine pancreas is a rich source of RNase A which is often found in many description：Bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I produced recombinantly in yeast, Pichia pastoris, to decrease levels of contaminating RNase and eliminate potential pathogens associated with animal based materials.Bovine pancreas is a rich source of RNase A which is often found in many commercial DNase preparations. Producing DNase I by recombinant means in an organism with much lower levels of endogenous RNase greatly facilitates purification of an enzyme with undetectable levels of RNase. The processes involved in the production and isolation of recombinant DNase I are completely devoid of animal based components which eliminates the possibility of introducing animal derived pathogens into bioprocessing procedures.Animal Free/AF. Recombinant Bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease 1 produced in Pichia pastoris. Chromatographically purified. Free of animal derived components, RNases & proteases. A liquid preparation in 5mM Calcium Acetate, 4mg/ml glycine, pH 5.0 and 50% glycerol. Supplied with 10x reaction buffer.Storage Buffer : 5mM calcium acetate, 4mg/ml glycine, pH 5.0 and 50% glycerol.DNase I Reaction Buffer (10X): 500mM Tris-HCl, 10mM MgSO4, 1mM CaCl2, pH 7.8, provided.application：Recombinant DNase I is suitable for such applications as:• Removing genomic DNA from RNA preparations prior to RT-PCR• Degradation of DNA templates after transcription reactions• Removing unwanted DNA from samples prior to Northern blotting• Removing DNA during biopharma and bioprocessing procedures... Read More | Inquire | Purity>95% SDS-PAGE.FunctionImportant adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose Purity>95% SDS-PAGE.FunctionImportant adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression in various tissues such as liver and macrophages, and also by counteracting its effects. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. May play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling by binding and sequestering various growth factors with distinct binding affinities, depending on the type of complex, LMW, MMW or HMW.Post-translationalHydroxylated Lys-33 was not identified in PubMed:16497731, probably due to poor representation of the N-terminal peptide in mass fingerprinting. HMW complexes are more extensively glycosylated than smaller oligomers. Hydroxylation and glycosylation of the lysine residues within the collagene-like domain of adiponectin seem to be critically involved in regulating the formation and/or secretion of HMW complexes and consequently contribute to the insulin-sensitizing activity of adiponectin in hepatocytes. O-glycosylated. Not N-glycosylated. O-linked glycans on hydroxylysines consist of Glc-Gal disaccharides bound to the oxygen atom of post-translationally added hydroxyl groups. Sialylated to varying degrees depending on tissue. Thr-22 appears to be the major site of sialylation. Higher sialylation found in SGBS adipocytes than in HEK fibroblasts. Sialylation is not required neither for heterodimerization nor for secretion. Not sialylated on the glycosylated hydroxylysines. Desialylated forms are rapidly cleared from the circulation... Read More | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：The monkeypox virus is the causative agent of the infectious disease of monkeypox. The virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. And its genome is a double-stranded DNA. The Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：The monkeypox virus is the causative agent of the infectious disease of monkeypox. The virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. And its genome is a double-stranded DNA. The disease caused by the virus is similar to but milder than smallpox and its mortality is often much lower. Humans and animals are both hosts for monkeypox virus and both species are vulnerable to the virus and may develop diseases. Monkeypox virus is mainly distributed in rainforests of west and central Africa. Isolates from Central Africa and Western Africa is different in virulence and the former is more virulent than the latter. The virus could spread in animals and humans and direct contact with the body fluid of an infected animal or being bitten may infect the virus... Read More |