| Description | Glutaminase-IN-1 (CB839 derivative), a CB839 derivative, is an allosteric inhibitor of 1,3,4-selenadiazole-containing kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), with an IC 50 of 1 nM. Glutaminase-IN-1 (CB839 derivative) shows improved cellular uptake and antitumor activity.In VitroGlutaminase-IN-1 (CPD20), a Glutaminase-IN-1 (CB839 derivative), a CB839 derivative, is an allosteric inhibitor of 1,3,4-selenadiazole-containing kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), with an IC 50 of 1 nM. Glutaminase-IN-1 (CB839 derivative) shows improved cellular uptake and antitumor activity.In VitroGlutaminase-IN-1 (CPD20), a CB839 derivative, is an allosteric inhibitor of 1,3,4-selenadiazole-containing kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), with an IC 50 of 1 nM. Glutaminase-IN-1 shows improved cellular uptake and antitumor activity. The IC 50 values of Glutaminase-IN-1 are 17 nM, 6.78 µM, 19 nM and 9 nM in A549, H2, Caki-1 and HCT116 cell lines, respectively. Glutaminase-IN-1 has better KGA inhibitory activity than the corresponding BPTES and CB839. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.In VivoGlutaminase-IN-1(10 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced the size and weight of the HCT116 tumor, and statistical analysis showed that the 40% reduction in tumor weight by CPD20 is statistically significant. Glutaminase-IN-1 could statistically significantly prolong the survival of H22-bearing mice. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.Form:SolidIC50& Target:IC50: 1 nM (KGA)... Read More | Inquire | C1q separated from C1r and C1s and from other stabilizing proteins tends to aggregate easily. Because it was isolated and studied in numerous research laboratories, many buffers have been used to stabilize concentrated C1q and prevent aggregation. About half of the scientists prefer high salt and C1q separated from C1r and C1s and from other stabilizing proteins tends to aggregate easily. Because it was isolated and studied in numerous research laboratories, many buffers have been used to stabilize concentrated C1q and prevent aggregation. About half of the scientists prefer high salt and the other prefer 40% glycerol in the storage buffer.C1q is purified from pooled normal human plasma. C1q is part of the C1 complex and this complex is the first complement component in the cascade referred to as the classical pathway of complement. C1 is actually a non-covalent assembly of three different proteins (C1q, C1r, and C1s) bound together in a calcium-dependent complex. C1q has six extended arms with domains at the end of each arm that bind to the Fc domains of immunoglobulins. When antibodies bind to antigens forming immune complexes they cluster allowing two or more of its six arms of C1q to bind to the Fc domains of antibodies such as IgG or IgM. The binding of multiple arms to immune complexes causes the two C1r proteins in the complex (protease zymogens) to auto-activate producing two C1r proteases that cleave and activate the two C1s protease zymogens in the complex. Activated C1s cleaves complement component C4 releasing C4a and initiating covalent attachment of C4b to the activating surface. Activated C1s also cleaves C2 and the larger fragment of C2 binds to the surface-attached C4b forming C4b,C2a which is the C3/C5 convertase of the classical pathway.Extinction Coeff.A₂₈₀ nm = 0.68 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C1q Molecular weight:410,000 Da (18 chains)Preservative:None, 0.22 µm filtered.Source:Normal human serum (shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II).Physical Characteristics & StructureC1q is a high molecular weight complex of 18 polypeptide chains. Each of the six arms of C1q contains three chains, an A chain (26,000 daltons), a B chain (25,000 daltons) and a C chain (24,000 daltons). The three chains are coiled into a collagen-like triple helix over approximately half their length. Half of this collagen region forms a central core where all 18 chains come together. The chains are joined in this core by disulfides in the pattern A-B and C-C. There is a bend in the center of the collagen region allowing the arms to extend away from each other. Globular heads at the far ends of the collagen arms possess binding sites for Fc domains of immunoglobulins. C1 complex is composed of one C1q molecule (410,000 daltons), two C1r molecules (92,000 daltons) and two C1s molecules (86,000 daltons). The complex is stable in the presence of calcium, but easily dissociates if calcium is removed. When C1 is activated the C1r and C1s subunits are each cleaved into two chain molecules due to proteolytic activation. Thus, the SDS gel pattern of C1 is very complex. Function The biological functions of C1q are described above in the General Description and Physical Characteristics sections. C1q functional activity may be assayed using C1q-depleted serum and EA cells. These assays are extremely sensitive to C1q typically yielding 50% lysis with less than 2 ng C1q in assays measuring the lysis of EA cells. AssaysThe unit of classical pathway activity is the CH50. A similar unit, the C1qH50, is used to quantitate the activity of C1q. A C1qH50 unit is the amount of functional C1q needed to lyse 50% of 3×10^7 EA cells (antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes) when that amount of C1q is incubated with 5-20 µL of C1q-Dpl in GVB++ in a total volume of 500 µL for 30 min at 37℃. This amount of C1q indicates the sensitivity of the assay for C1q which is typically about 1 ng C1q with 10 µL C1q-Dpl. See the Certificate of Analysis for lot specific values.ApplicationsC1q is used to coat ELISA plates to capture and quantitate immune complexes in clinical samples. A number of commercial companies sell diagnostic kits for immune complex detection and quantitation. These kits are based on the ability of C1q to bind well to immune complexes, but to not bind significantly to monomeric immunoglobulins. GeneticsThe EMBL/Genbank cDNA accession numbers are: C1q A chain (P02745), C1q B chain (P02746), and C1q C chain (P02747). The genes for C1q chains A, B and C are all located on chromosome 1p in the order A-C-B. DeficienciesDeficiencies of each of the three components of C1 have been found. Patients lacking C1q generally have immune-complex-mediated renal disease and skin lesions. Like all patients lacking early classical pathway components C1q deficient individuals are prone to systemic lupus erythrematosis (SLE) and recurrent pyogenic infections. They lack classical pathway function and may or may not exhibit C1q antigen in blood.DiseasesSee section titled Deficiencies above. Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from human serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any blood-derived product must be used even though the source was shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II... Read More | Purity> 95 % by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionPromotes cell proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. Appears to play a role in wound healing by up-regulating, in skin fibroblasts, the expression of a number of genes involved in angiogenesis, inflammation and matrix Purity> 95 % by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionPromotes cell proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. Appears to play a role in wound healing by up-regulating, in skin fibroblasts, the expression of a number of genes involved in angiogenesis, inflammation and matrix remodeling including VEGA-A, VEGA-C, MMP1, MMP3, TIMP1, uPA, PAI-1 and integrins alpha-3 and alpha-5. CYR61-mediated gene regulation is dependent on heparin-binding. Down-regulates the expression of alpha-1 and alpha-2 subunits of collagen type-1. Promotes cell adhesion and adhesive signaling through integrin alpha-6/beta-1, cell migration through integrin alpha-v/beta-5 and cell proliferation through integrin alpha-v/beta-3.Banckground:Cyr61, also known as CCN1, is a 40-45 kDa matricellular glycoprotein that plays an important role in cellular adhesion and migration (1). Cyr61 consists of an IGFBP domain, a VWF type C domain, a TSP type I domain, and a cysteine knot domain (2). Mature human Cyr61 shares 93% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat Cyr61. It is widely expressed during development and in adult tissues (2, 3). Cyr61 associates with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and with many cell surface molecules including Integrins alpha V beta 3, alpha V beta 5, alpha M beta 2, and alpha 6 beta 1, Syndecan-4, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (1, 3). Cyr61 mediates the adhesion and migration of multiple cell types and also promotes vascular endothelial cell tubule formation (4-6). Plasmin cleavage of ECM-bound Cyr61 releases a 28 kDa N-terminal fragment which retains the ability to promote endothelial cell migration (7). Cyr61 exhibits both tumorigenic and tumor suppressor properties. It is up-regulated and promotes tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis in breast, renal, gastric, squamous cell, and colorectal carcinomas as well as in glioma (8-12). In contrast, whendown-regulated, it suppresses tumor growth in endometrial, hepatic, and non-small cell lung cancers (8, 13, 14). Cyr61 is also up-regulated in injured skin and bone where it induces the expression of growth factors, cytokines, proteases, and integrins involved in wound repair (15, 16)... Read More | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue StainingDescription:NG2, also known as CSPG4, MCSP, and AN2, is a 400-500 kDa transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) with a protein core of approximately 300 kDa. The extracellular region can be proteolytically shed fromPurity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue StainingDescription:NG2, also known as CSPG4, MCSP, and AN2, is a 400-500 kDa transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) with a protein core of approximately 300 kDa. The extracellular region can be proteolytically shed from the cell surface. Mature human NG2 consists of a 2195 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 77 aa cytoplasmic domain. Within aa 1583-2224, human NG2/CSPG4 shares 83% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat CSPG4. NG2 binds to the extracellular matrix proteins Laminin, Tenascin, and Collagens II, V, and VI as well as to the growth factors FGF-2 and PDGF-AA. NG2 is expressed on glial cell progenitors known as O2A cells or NG2 glia. These cells are neuronally responsive and differentiate primarily into oligodendrocytes but also into astrocytes. NG2 associates with PDGF R alpha and the AMPA R subunit GluR2. It is up-regulated on microglial cells during inflammation and contributes to the induction of inflammatory mediators. Various CSPGs in the brain inhibit neurite outgrowth through interactions with Nogo Receptor/NgR1 and NgR3. This recombinant protein product corresponds to the last 5 CSPG repeats, a region which can independently inhibit neurite outgrowth. NG2 is also expressed on vascular mural cells and capillaries. It promotes vascular endothelial cell (EC) migration and angiogenesis through interactions with Galectin-3 and Integrin alpha 3 beta 1 on EC, Plasminogen, and Angiostatin. NG2 is also expressed on a variety of tumors where it contributes to tumor cell adhesion, motility, and invasion... Read More |