| Description | Hepases, derived from microorganisms, are polysaccharide lyases that cleave the a-1,4 glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and hexuronic acid (GlcUA/IdoUA) through a typical b-elimination mechanism. They generate an unsaturated double bond with specific absorption at 232 nm at the C4Hepases, derived from microorganisms, are polysaccharide lyases that cleave the a-1,4 glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and hexuronic acid (GlcUA/IdoUA) through a typical b-elimination mechanism. They generate an unsaturated double bond with specific absorption at 232 nm at the C4 and C5 positions of hexuronic acid, which facilitates the analysis and detection of enzymatic hydrolysis products. HEPases have been identified in Hep/HS degrading bacteria, such as Flavobacterium heparinum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron，Bacteroides stercoris，Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa[ Wait. HEPases can be divided into three categories based on substrate selectivity: HEPase I selectively degrades the high sulfation zone in Hep and HS; HEPase III selectively degrades the low sulfur acidification zone in HS and Hep; HEPase II can degrade both Hep and HS simultaneously. The above three types of HEPases belong to endonucleases, and recently a heparin exonuclease family (exoHEPases) has been discovered for the first time. HEPases, as an important tool enzyme, are widely used in the structural and functional research of Hep/HS, the production of low molecular weight heparin, quality testing and consistency evaluation of heparin drugs, etc. We can provide customers with various known types of HEPase enzyme preparations according to their needs, meeting their various requirements from analysis and detection to large-scale production.ApplicationHeparinase I and III Blend from Flavobacterium heparinum has been used in:the digestion of heparan sulfate from ovine vitreous；human embryonic kidney cells；glycosaminoglycans from arterial tissues；P0 retinae digestion... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, KProtein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995)). Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3 convertases) which are bound to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. For a brief time (~60 µs) this nascent C3b is capable of reacting with and covalently coupling to hydroxyl groups on the target surface. Carbohydrates are the favored target, but protein hydroxyls and amino groups also react. This process of tagging the target surface with C3b is called opsonization. The reactive site in nascent C3b is a thioester (Tack B.J., et al. (1980); Pangburn M.K. and MüllerEberhard H.J. (1980)) and C3b is linked to the target through a covalent ester bond (an amide bond is formed if C3b is attached to amino groups). Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface because its thioester reacts with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all three pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane. Surface-bound C3b and its breakdown products iC3b and C3d are recognized by numerous receptors on lymphoid and phagocytic cells which use the C3b ligand to stimulate antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune system. The end result is an expansion of target-specific B-cell and T-cell populations.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe calculated molecular weight of rat C3 based on its amino acid sequence is 184,111daltons (without the signal peptide) and is similar to that of human C3 (185,000 daltons).The molecular weight of rat C3 as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been reported by Daha, M.R. et al., (1979) to be 187,000 daltons composed of two disulfide linked chains, alpha chain (123,000 daltons) and beta chain (76,000 daltons). The extinction coefficient of rat C3 (E1%/280nm = 10.16) is calculated based on its amino acid sequence using ProtParam and assumes all pairs of Cys residues form cystines (i.e. a pair of cysteine molecules are joined by a disulfide bond). The theoretical pI of rat C3 is 6.12. The normal plasma concentration of C3 inWistar rats has been reported to be 0.581mg/ml (Daha, M.R. et al., (1979)).FunctionThe biological functions of C3 are described above in the General Description section.GeneticsRat C3 chromosome location 9. The NCBI Gene ID number for rat C3 is 24232 and UniProt accession number is P01026.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesLaw, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995) Complement 2nd Edition (ISBN 0199633568) Oxford University Press, Oxford.Tack BF, Harrison RA, Janatova J, Thomas ML, Prahl JW. (1980) Evidence for presence of an internal thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77:5764-8.Pangburn M.K. and Müller-Eberhard H.J. (1980) Relation of putative thioester bond in C3 to activation of the alternative pathway and the binding of C3b to biological targets of complement. J Exp Med. 152:1102-14.Daha MR, Stuffers-Heiman M, Kijlstra A and Van ES LA. (1979) Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement. Immunology 36:63-70... Read More | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：CD4, also known as L3T4, T4, and W3/25, is an approximately 55 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed predominantly on thymocytes and a subset of mature T lymphocytes. It is a standard Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：CD4, also known as L3T4, T4, and W3/25, is an approximately 55 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed predominantly on thymocytes and a subset of mature T lymphocytes. It is a standard phenotype marker for the identification of T cell populations. Mature feline CD4 consists of a 388 amino acid (aa) extracellular region containing four immunoglobulin-like domains, a 22 aa transmembrane segment, and a 40 aa cytoplasmic domain. Within the ECD, feline CD4 shares 70%, 58%, 50%, and 48% aa sequence identity with canine, human, mouse and rat CD4, respectively. CD4 is expressed along with CD8 on double positive T cells during their development in the thymus. Either CD4 or CD8 expression is then lost, giving rise to single positive (SP) CD4+ or CD8+ mature T cells. CD4+ SP cells, also known as T helper cells, further differentiate into multiple subsets of CD4+ cells including Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells which regulate humoral and cellular immunity. CD4 is reexpressed on circulating CD8+ T cells upon activation and contributes to their cytotoxic effector activity. In human, CD4 is additionally expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, and neurons and glial cells in the brain. Similar CD4 distribution between species cannot be assumed as demonstrated by its presence on macrophages in human and rat but not in mouse. CD4 binds directly to MHC class II molecules on antigen presenting cells. This interaction contributes to the formation of the immunological synapse which is focused around the TCR-MHC class II-antigenic peptide interaction. Palmitoylation of two cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 promotes the localization of CD4 in lipid rafts and its ability to augment TCR signaling via activation of the tyrosine kinase Lck. CD4 also functions as a chemotactic receptor for IL-16 and, in human, as a coreceptor for the gp120 surface glycoprotein of HIV-1... Read More | FunctionSignal-transducing molecule. The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11, CTF1 and BSF3 can utilize gp130 for initiating signal transmission. Binds to IL6/IL6R (alpha chain) complex, resulting in the formation of high-affinity IL6 binding sites, and transduces the signal. Does not FunctionSignal-transducing molecule. The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11, CTF1 and BSF3 can utilize gp130 for initiating signal transmission. Binds to IL6/IL6R (alpha chain) complex, resulting in the formation of high-affinity IL6 binding sites, and transduces the signal. Does not bind IL6. May have a role in embryonic development (By similarity). The type I OSM receptor is capable of transducing OSM-specific signaling events.Post-translationalPhosphorylation of Ser-782 down-regulates cell surface expression. Heavily N-glycosylated... Read More | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：The monkeypox virus is the causative agent of the infectious disease of monkeypox. The virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. And its genome is a double-stranded DNA. The Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：The monkeypox virus is the causative agent of the infectious disease of monkeypox. The virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. And its genome is a double-stranded DNA. The disease caused by the virus is similar to but milder than smallpox and its mortality is often much lower. Humans and animals are both hosts for monkeypox virus and both species are vulnerable to the virus and may develop diseases. Monkeypox virus is mainly distributed in rainforests of west and central Africa. Isolates from Central Africa and Western Africa is different in virulence and the former is more virulent than the latter. The virus could spread in animals and humans and direct contact with the body fluid of an infected animal or being bitten may infect the virus... Read More |