| Description | EnzymoPure™II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) produced by aladdin is an optimized Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase without ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity. It is a DNA polymerase that uses single stranded RNA or DNA as template to synthesize complementary EnzymoPure™II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) produced by aladdin is an optimized Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase without ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity. It is a DNA polymerase that uses single stranded RNA or DNA as template to synthesize complementary DNA strands in the presence of primers. It is one of the most widely used reverse transcriptase.sApplication：First strand cDNA synthesis using total RNA or mRNA as template; DNA probe labeling with fluorescence, biotin, digoxin or isotope; RNA analysis by primer extension.This product is highly cost-effective. The RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) is a recombinant reverse transcriptase expressed and purified from E. coli transformed with the expression plasmids carrying the pol gene fragment of M-MLV with RNase H coding region removed. The enzyme has been engineered to have better thermal stability and higher reverse transcription activity.Definition of enzyme activity: One unit of the enzyme incorporates 1nmol of dTTP into acid-precipitable material in 10 min at 37℃ using poly(A)•oligo(dT)12-18 as template-primer. The reaction system contains 50mM Tris-HCl (pH8.3), 75mM KCl, 3mM MgCl2, 10mM DTT, 0.5mM [3H]-dTTP and 0.4 mM poly(A)•oligo(dT)12-18.Purity: Free from DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphoesterase and RNase.Enzyme storage buffer: 20mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 300mM NaCl, 0.1mM EDTA, 1mM DTT, 0.01%(v/v) NP-40 and 50% (v/v) glycerol.Inactivation or inhibition: RT II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) can be inactivated by incubation at 80ºC for 10 minutes, or inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, inorganic phosphates, pyrophosphates and polyamine.This product has high reverse transcription activity, and is able to synthesize long cDNA. The RT II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) lacks RNase H activity, and does not degrade the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid, thus facilitating the synthesis of long cDNA. It can easily synthesize cDNA up to 8kb (Figure 1). The maximum length of synthesized cDNA by this product can exceed 10kb. Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products amplified from the cDNA template that was synthesized by the RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) (, #). cDNA ranging from 0.2kb to 8kb in length can be synthesized high efficiently.This product exhibits high thermal stability. This product has an optimum working temperature of 42-45ºC, but it is still highly active at 50ºC (Figure 2). Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products amplified from the cDNA templates that were synthesized by the RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) (, #) and by the M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) (Beytome, ), respectively. 500ng of total RNA extracted from NIH3T3 cells was reverse transcribed by reverse transcriptase in a reaction volume of 20µl at difference temperatures as indicated in the figure. One microliter of each reverse transcription reaction product was taken for PCR amplification.The concentration of this product is 200U/µl. When 20µl of reverse transcription reaction volume is used, the S, M and L are sufficient for 50, 250 and 1000 reactions, respectively.Enzyme storage buffer：20mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 300mM NaCl, 0.1mM EDTA, 1mM DTT, 0.01%(v/v) NP-40 and 50% (v/v) glycerol.Inactivation or inhibition：RT II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) can be inactivated by incubation at 80ºC for 10 minutes, or inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, inorganic phosphates, pyrophosphates and polyamine.This product has high reverse transcription activity, and is able to synthesize long cDNA. The RT II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-) lacks RNase H activity, and does not degrade the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid, thus facilitating the synthesis of long cDNA. It can easily synthesize cDNA up to 8kb (Figure 1). The maximum length of synthesized cDNA by this product can exceed 10kb. Figure 1. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products amplified from the cDNA template that was synthesized by the RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-). cDNA ranging from 0.2kb to 8kb in length can be synthesized high efficiently.This product exhibits high thermal stability. This product has an optimum working temperature of 42-45ºC, but it is still highly active at 50ºC (Figure 2). Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products amplified from the cDNA templates that were synthesized by the RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) and by the M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) (Beytome, D7159), respectively. 500ng of total RNA extracted from NIH3T3 cells was reverse transcribed by reverse transcriptase in a reaction volume of 20µl at difference temperatures as indicated in the figure. One microliter of each reverse transcription reaction product was taken for PCR amplification.The concentration of this product is 200U/µl. When 20µl of reverse transcription reaction volume is used, the D7160S, D7160M and D7160L are sufficient for 50, 250 and 1000 reactions, respectively.Precautions：Please refer to the instructions for reverse transcription of RNAs with high GC content.This product is for R&D only. Not for drug, household, or other uses.For your safety and health, please wear lab coat and disposable gloves during the operation.Instructions for Use：1. First-strand cDNA synthesis.a. Set up the first-strand cDNA synthesis reaction in a nuclease-free PCR tube on ice or at room temperature as follows. RNase Inhibitor and dNTP mix can be purchased from. Template (one of the three types of RNA)Total RNA0.1ng-5µgPoly(A) RNA/mRNA10pg-0.5µgSpecific RNA0.01pg-0.5µgPrimer (one of the three types of primer)Oligo(dT)18 Primer0.5µg (or 100pmol)Random Hexamer Primer0.2µg (or 100pmol)Gene-specific Primer15-25pmol(Optional) For RNAs with high GC content (e.g. ＞55%) or complex secondary structures, incubate the mixture of primer and template at 65ºC for 5 minutes, and immediately put it on ice to disrupt RNA secondary structures.DEPC-treated Water-To 13.7µl*Reaction Buffer (5X)-4µlRNase Inhibitor (40U/µl)-0.5µldNTP Mix (25mM each)-0.8µl**RT II M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (RNase H-)-1µl***Total Volume-20µl* ‘To 13.7µl’ means filling the mixture of template and primer to a total volume of 13.7µl with DEPC-treated water.** The volume of dNTP mix varies depending on the concentration of dNTP stock. If the volume of dNTP is not 0.8µl, adjust the volume of DEPC-treated water accordingly.*** If gene specific primers or Oligo(dT)18 primers are used to reverse transcribe the cDNA over 5kb, the volume of RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-) should be increased to 2µl.b. Mix the reaction by vortex or pipetting gently, centrifuge briefly to allow liquid to accumulate at the bottom of PCR tube.c. Incubate the reaction at 42ºC for 60min if Oligo(dT)18 primer or gene-specific primer is used. If random hexamer is used, carry out incubation at 25℃ for 10min, followed by incubation at 42℃ for 60min. Note: For RNA template with high GC content or secondary structures, incubate the reaction at 50℃ for 60min in order to improve the reverse transcription efficiency.d. Stop the reverse transcription by incubating the reaction at 80ºC for 10min to inactivate RT II M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-). Note: Heat-inactivation of reverse transcriptase is not recommended for long cDNA over 5kb, as this method may cause shearing of long cDNA fragments. In such a case, phenol-chloroform extraction or column purification can be considered.e. The reverse transcription products can be used directly for subsequent experiments such as PCR, or stored at -20℃ for future use. We recommend using 2µl reverse transcription products in a PCR reaction volume of 50µl.2. For other applications such as primer extension and probe labeling, please refer to reference related to M-MuLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-).FAQ：1. The reverse transcription product of total RNA is invisible after electrophoresis.It is a normal phenomena, because the amount of RNA template is low, and the amount of reverse transcription products in different size is even lower. 2. No specific product can be amplified from the reverse transcription product.a. To exclude the problem of PCR reaction system or reverse transcription product, use gene-specific primers to amplify internal reference genes, such as actin and GAPDH. If reference genes can be amplified but not the target gene, it indicates primers of target gene are not well designed, the expression of the target gene is too low to be detected, or the reverse transcription efficiency is low. b. Template RNA may be degraded. The integrity of total RNA can be checked by agarose gel or on-chip electrophoresis. Intact total RNA exhibits sharp, clear 28S and 18S rRNA bands, and the 28S rRNA band should be approximately twice as intense as the the 18S rRNA band. A ratio less than 2 indicates the degradation of total RNA and new total RNA should be prepared. c. RNA samples may contain some components that inhibit the activity of reverse transcriptase. Those contaminants include phenol, SDS, EDTA, guanidine salts, phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, polyamine, and spermidine etc, which can be removed effectively by column purification or precipitation, washing, and redissolution. Total RNA extracted by Zol (, #R0011) or Trizol (, #R0016) usually can meet the requirements of reverse transcription.d. Insufficient templates for reverse transcription. When DNase I used to remove the residual DNA in RNA sample is subjected to heat-inactivation prior to reverse transcription, EDTA should be added to RNA sample at a final concentration of 2.5mM to protect RNA from degradation under high temperature. Additionally, to amplify a specific gene, it is necessary to extract RNA from tissues in which the target gene is highly expressed. e. Inappropriate primer is used for reverse transcription. Random hexamer instead of Oligo(dT)18 should be used for the reverse transcription of bacterial total RNA which does not have poly(A) tails. Gene-specific primers used for reverse transcription must be well designed.f. For RNA template with high GC content or secondary structures, increase the reverse transcription temperature to 45-50℃ to improve the reverse transcription efficiency... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, KProtein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995)). Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3 convertases) which are bound to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. For a brief time (~60 µs) this nascent C3b is capable of reacting with and covalently coupling to hydroxyl groups on the target surface. Carbohydrates are the favored target, but protein hydroxyls and amino groups also react. This process of tagging the target surface with C3b is called opsonization. The reactive site in nascent C3b is a thioester (Tack B.J., et al. (1980); Pangburn M.K. and MüllerEberhard H.J. (1980)) and C3b is linked to the target through a covalent ester bond (an amide bond is formed if C3b is attached to amino groups). Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface because its thioester reacts with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all three pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane. Surface-bound C3b and its breakdown products iC3b and C3d are recognized by numerous receptors on lymphoid and phagocytic cells which use the C3b ligand to stimulate antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune system. The end result is an expansion of target-specific B-cell and T-cell populations.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe calculated molecular weight of rat C3 based on its amino acid sequence is 184,111daltons (without the signal peptide) and is similar to that of human C3 (185,000 daltons).The molecular weight of rat C3 as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been reported by Daha, M.R. et al., (1979) to be 187,000 daltons composed of two disulfide linked chains, alpha chain (123,000 daltons) and beta chain (76,000 daltons). The extinction coefficient of rat C3 (E1%/280nm = 10.16) is calculated based on its amino acid sequence using ProtParam and assumes all pairs of Cys residues form cystines (i.e. a pair of cysteine molecules are joined by a disulfide bond). The theoretical pI of rat C3 is 6.12. The normal plasma concentration of C3 inWistar rats has been reported to be 0.581mg/ml (Daha, M.R. et al., (1979)).FunctionThe biological functions of C3 are described above in the General Description section.GeneticsRat C3 chromosome location 9. The NCBI Gene ID number for rat C3 is 24232 and UniProt accession number is P01026.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesLaw, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995) Complement 2nd Edition (ISBN 0199633568) Oxford University Press, Oxford.Tack BF, Harrison RA, Janatova J, Thomas ML, Prahl JW. (1980) Evidence for presence of an internal thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77:5764-8.Pangburn M.K. and Müller-Eberhard H.J. (1980) Relation of putative thioester bond in C3 to activation of the alternative pathway and the binding of C3b to biological targets of complement. J Exp Med. 152:1102-14.Daha MR, Stuffers-Heiman M, Kijlstra A and Van ES LA. (1979) Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement. Immunology 36:63-70... Read More | GoldStar Probe Mixture is a premixed system specifically designed for real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR using probe methods (TaqMan, Molecular Beacon, etc.), with a concentration of 2 x, containing GoldStar Taq DNA Polymerase, PCR Buffer, dNTPs, and Mg2+. The operation is simple and convenientGoldStar Probe Mixture is a premixed system specifically designed for real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR using probe methods (TaqMan, Molecular Beacon, etc.), with a concentration of 2 x, containing GoldStar Taq DNA Polymerase, PCR Buffer, dNTPs, and Mg2+. The operation is simple and convenient. Mainly used for detecting genomic DNA target sequences and RNA reverse transcription cDNA target sequences, such as gene expression analysis, copy number analysis, SNP genotype analysis, etc., suitable for fluorescence quantification using different types of probe methods. The GoldStar Taq DNA Polymerase contained in this product is a chemically modified, novel and highly efficient hot start enzyme. It has no polymerase activity at room temperature, effectively avoiding non-specific amplification caused by non-specific binding of primers and templates or primer dimerization at room temperature. The enzyme activation requires incubation at 95 ℃ for 10 minutes. The unique combination of PCR buffer system and hot start enzyme significantly improves the amplification efficiency of PCR, with stronger fluorescence signal and higher sensitivity, which can detect single copy templates. By using this product, a wider linear range can be obtained, resulting in more accurate quantification of the target gene. Suitable for all fluorescence quantitative PCR instruments that do not require ROX as a calibration dye.ROX dye is used to correct the fluorescence signal error between wells in quantitative PCR instruments, and is generally used in Real Time PCR amplification instruments from companies such as ABI and Stratagene. The excitation optical systems of different instruments vary, so the concentration of ROX dye must be matched with the corresponding fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument.Instruments that do not require ROX calibration (CW0932): Roche LightCycle 480, Roche LightCyler 96, Bio rad iCyler iQ, iQ5, CFX96, etc.Instrument requiring Low ROX calibration (CW2625): ABI Prism7500/7500 Fast, QuantStudio ® 3 System, QuantStudio ® 5 System, QuantStudio ® 6 Flex System, QuantStudio ® 7 Flex System, ViiA 7 System, Stratagene Mx3000/Mx3005P, Corbett Rotor Gene 3000, etc.Instruments that require High ROX calibration (CW2626): ABI Prism7000/7300/7700/7900, Eppendorf, ABI Step One/Step One Plus, etc.G665832Component5 mLStorageG665832A2×GoldStar Probe Mixture5×1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.G665832BddH2O5×1 mL -20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. Notes:1. Before use, please gently mix upside down to avoid foaming, and use after briefly centrifugation.2. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing of this product, as repeated freezing and thawing may cause a decrease in product performance. This product can be stored for a long time at -20 ℃, away from light. If frequent use is required in the short term, it can be stored at 2-8 ℃.Usage:The following are examples of conventional PCR reaction systems and reaction conditions. In practical operation, corresponding improvements and optimizations should be made based on different templates, primer structures, and target fragment sizes.1. PCR reaction system Reagent 50 µl Reaction system Final concentration 2×GoldStar Probe Mixture 25 µl 1 × Forward Primer，10 µM 1 µl 0.2 µM¹⁾ Reverse Primer，10 µM 1 µl 0.2 µM¹⁾ Probe，10 µM 1 µl 0.2 µM²⁾ Template DNA 2 µl³⁾ / 50×Low ROX or High ROX（optional）⁴⁾ 1 µl 1 × ddH2O up to 50 µl / Attention:1) Typically, the primer concentration is 0.2 µ M can achieve good results, ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 µ M serves as a reference for setting the range.2) The concentration of the probe used is related to the fluorescent quantitative PCR instrument used, the type of probe, and the type of fluorescent labeling substance. Please refer to the instrument manual or the specific usage requirements of each fluorescent probe for concentration adjustment during actual use.3) The amount of DNA template is usually based on 10-100 ng genomic DNA or 1-10 ng cDNA as a reference. Due to the different copy numbers of target genes contained in templates of different species, gradient dilution can be applied to the template to determine the optimal template usage.4) The excitation optical systems of different instruments vary, and depending on the instrument used for fluorescence quantification, 50 x Low ROX or 50 x High ROX can be added.2. PCR reaction programAttention! The pre denaturation reaction of this product must be completed at 95 ℃ for 10 minutes!Two step PCR Step Temperature Time / Pre denaturation 95℃ 10 min¹⁾ / Denaturation 95℃ 15 s 35-40 cycles Annealing/Extension ²⁾ 60℃ 1 min 35-40 cycles Attention:1) The hot start enzyme used in this product must be activated under pre denaturation conditions of 95 ℃ and 10 minutes.2) It is recommended to use a two-step PCR reaction program. If good experimental results cannot be obtained due to the use of primers with lower Tm values, a three-step PCR amplification can be attempted. The annealing temperature should be set within the range of 56 ℃ -64 ℃ as a reference... Read More | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：CD200 R1, also known as OX-2 receptor, is a 90 kDa transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily and is important in the regulation of myeloid cell activity. The human CD200 R1 cDNA encodes a 325 Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：CD200 R1, also known as OX-2 receptor, is a 90 kDa transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily and is important in the regulation of myeloid cell activity. The human CD200 R1 cDNA encodes a 325 amino acid (aa) precursor that includes a 28 aa signal sequence, a 215 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 61 aa cytoplasmic domain. The ECD is composed of one Ig-like V-type domain and one Ig-like C2-type domain. Within the ECD, human CD200 R1 shares 56% aa sequence identity with both mouse and rat CD200 R1. Alternate splicing of the human CD200 R1 mRNA generates four isoforms, two of which are truncated in the Ig-C2 domain and are likely secreted. In human, a separate CD200 RL gene encodes a protein that shares 81% ECD aa identity with CD200 R1. In mouse, at least four genes for CD200 R1-like molecules have been described. CD200 R1 expression is restricted primarily to mast cells, basophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, while its ligand, CD200, is widely distributed. Disruption of this receptor-ligand system by knockout of the CD200 gene in mice leads to increased macrophage number and activation and predisposition to autoimmune disorders. Association of CD200 with CD200 R1 takes place between their respective N-terminal Ig-like domains. The capacity of CD200 R1-like molecules to interact with CD200 is controversial. CD200 R1 propagates inhibitory signals despite lacking a cytoplasmic ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif). CD200 R1-like molecules, in contrast, are potentially activating receptors by means of their association with DAP12. CD200R1 signaling inhibits the expression of proinflammatory molecules including TNFs, IFNs, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to selected stimuli, which implicate that CD200/CD200R1 inhibitory signaling pathway plays a prominent role in limiting inflammation in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the CD200/CD200R inhibitory signaling constitutes one of the most suitable endogenous immunoregulatory molecule candidate to restore the immune suppressive status of the CNS altered in chronic neuroinflammatory situations... Read More | Purity≥ 92% SDS-PAGEActual molecular weight 15&17kDaFunctionChemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like Purity≥ 92% SDS-PAGEActual molecular weight 15&17kDaFunctionChemotactic factor that attracts monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils. Augments monocyte anti-tumor activity. Has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, like psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. May be involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the arterial wall during the disease process of atherosclerosis... Read More |