| Description | Reconstitution: After centrifugation, we suggest addition of 50 mM Na Acetate, pH 5.5, with 150 mM NaCl to the original volume, followed by gentle mixing to ensure adequate homogenization.This enzyme degrades elastin, collagen, and proteoglycan and has been implicated in the development of pulmonaryReconstitution: After centrifugation, we suggest addition of 50 mM Na Acetate, pH 5.5, with 150 mM NaCl to the original volume, followed by gentle mixing to ensure adequate homogenization.This enzyme degrades elastin, collagen, and proteoglycan and has been implicated in the development of pulmonary emphesema and rheumatoid arthritis.Activity: 20-22 units per mg protein. One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that hydrolyzes one umole of MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-pNA per minute at 25℃, pH 7.5. Product Citations:Mittendorf, Elizabeth A., Gheath Alatrash, Na Qiao, Yun Wu, Pariya Sukhumalchandra, Lisa S. St John, Anne V. Philips et al. "Breast cancer cell uptake of the inflammatory mediator neutrophil elastase triggers an anticancer adaptive immune response." Cancer research 72, no. 13 (2012): 3153-3162van den Berg, Carmen W., et al. "Mechanism of Neutrophil Dysfunction: Neutrophil Serine Proteases Cleave and Inactivate the C5a Receptor." The Journal of Immunology 192.4 (2014): 1787-1795.Edwards, J. Vincent, Nicolette Prevost, Kandan Sethumadhavan, Abul Ullah, and Brian Condon. "Peptide conjugated cellulose nanocrystals with sensitive human neutrophil elastase sensor activity." Cellulose (2013): 1-13.Valdez C, Wong YC, Schwake M, Bu G, Wszolek ZK, Krainc D.Progranulin-mediated deficiency of cathepsin D results in FTD and NCL-like phenotypes in neurons derived from FTD patients.Hum Mol Gen. 2017. 2017 Sep 25. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx364Kerros C, et al.Neuropilin-1 mediates neutrophil elastase uptake and cross-presentation in breast cancer cells.J Biol Chem. 2017 Jun 16;292(24):10295-10305. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.773051. Epub 2017 May 3.Martin KR, Kantari-Mimoun C, Yin M, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, et al.Proteinase 3 Is a Phosphatidylserine-binding Protein That Affects the Production and Function of Microvesicles.J Biol Chem. 2016 May 13;291(20):10476-89. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.698639. Epub 2016 Mar 9.Edwards JV, Fontenot KR, Prevost NT, Pircher N, Liebner F, Condon BD.Preparation, Characterization and Activity of a Peptide-Cellulosic Aerogel Protease Sensor from Cotton.Sensors (Basel). 2016 Oct 26;16(11). pii: E1789.Chawla A, Alatrash G, Philips AV, Qiao N, et al.Neutrophil elastase enhances antigen presentation by upregulating human leukocyte antigen class I expression on tumor cells.Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016 Jun;65(6):741-51. doi: 10.1007/s00262-016-1841-6. Epub 2016 Apr 29.Sinden NJ, et al.α-1-Antitrypsin variants and the proteinase/antiproteinase imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015 Jan 15;308(2):L179-90.Ksiazek M, et al.Miropin, a Novel Bacterial Serpin from the Periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia, Inhibits a Broad Range of Proteases by Using Different Peptide Bonds within the Reactive Center Loop.J Biol Chem. 2015 Jan 2;290(1):658-70. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.601716. Epub 2014 Nov 11.Ramadass M, Ghebrehiwet B, Kew RR.Enhanced recognition of plasma proteins in a non-native state by complement C3b. A possible clearance mechanism for damaged proteins in blood.Mol Immunol. 2015 Mar;64(1):55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.022. Epub 2014 Nov 15.Thomas MP, et al.Leukocyte Protease Binding to Nucleic Acids Promotes Nuclear Localization and Cleavage of Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins.J Immunol. 2014 Jun 1;192(11):5390-7. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303296. Epub 2014 Apr 25.Ungurs MJ, Sinden NJ, Stockley RA.Progranulin is a substrate for neutrophil-elastase and proteinase-3 in the airway and its concentration correlates with mediators of airway inflammation in COPDAm J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2014 Jan 1;306(1):L80-7. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00221.2013. Epub 2013 Nov 1.Sinden NJ, Koura F, Stockley RA.The significance of the F variant of alpha-1-antitrypsin and unique case report of a PiFF homozygote.BMC Pulm Med. 2014 Aug 7;14:132. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-132.Kenninston JA, et al.Inhibition of Plasma Kallikrein by a Highly Specific Active Site Blocking Antibody.J Biol Chem. 2014 Aug 22;289(34):23596-608. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.569061. Epub 2014 Jun 26.Tejera P, et al.Functional Characterization of Polymorphisms in the Peptidase Inhibitor 3 (Elafin) Gene and Validation of Their Contribution to Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014 Aug;51(2):262-72. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0238OC.Zheng K, et al.Influence of glycosylation pattern on the molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies.MAbs. 2014 May-Jun;6(3):649-58. doi: 10.4161/mabs.28588. Epub 2014 Mar 24... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, KProtein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995)). Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3 convertases) which are bound to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. For a brief time (~60 µs) this nascent C3b is capable of reacting with and covalently coupling to hydroxyl groups on the target surface. Carbohydrates are the favored target, but protein hydroxyls and amino groups also react. This process of tagging the target surface with C3b is called opsonization. The reactive site in nascent C3b is a thioester (Tack B.J., et al. (1980); Pangburn M.K. and MüllerEberhard H.J. (1980)) and C3b is linked to the target through a covalent ester bond (an amide bond is formed if C3b is attached to amino groups). Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface because its thioester reacts with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all three pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane. Surface-bound C3b and its breakdown products iC3b and C3d are recognized by numerous receptors on lymphoid and phagocytic cells which use the C3b ligand to stimulate antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune system. The end result is an expansion of target-specific B-cell and T-cell populations.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe calculated molecular weight of rat C3 based on its amino acid sequence is 184,111daltons (without the signal peptide) and is similar to that of human C3 (185,000 daltons).The molecular weight of rat C3 as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been reported by Daha, M.R. et al., (1979) to be 187,000 daltons composed of two disulfide linked chains, alpha chain (123,000 daltons) and beta chain (76,000 daltons). The extinction coefficient of rat C3 (E1%/280nm = 10.16) is calculated based on its amino acid sequence using ProtParam and assumes all pairs of Cys residues form cystines (i.e. a pair of cysteine molecules are joined by a disulfide bond). The theoretical pI of rat C3 is 6.12. The normal plasma concentration of C3 inWistar rats has been reported to be 0.581mg/ml (Daha, M.R. et al., (1979)).FunctionThe biological functions of C3 are described above in the General Description section.GeneticsRat C3 chromosome location 9. The NCBI Gene ID number for rat C3 is 24232 and UniProt accession number is P01026.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesLaw, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995) Complement 2nd Edition (ISBN 0199633568) Oxford University Press, Oxford.Tack BF, Harrison RA, Janatova J, Thomas ML, Prahl JW. (1980) Evidence for presence of an internal thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77:5764-8.Pangburn M.K. and Müller-Eberhard H.J. (1980) Relation of putative thioester bond in C3 to activation of the alternative pathway and the binding of C3b to biological targets of complement. J Exp Med. 152:1102-14.Daha MR, Stuffers-Heiman M, Kijlstra A and Van ES LA. (1979) Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement. Immunology 36:63-70... Read More | Product Application:Isoelectric point: 7.2 (Maehly 1955).Inhibitors: Horseradish peroxidase is reversibly inhibited by cyanide and sulfide at a concentration of 10-5 M (Theorell 1951).Specificity: The enzyme exhibits a high specificity. Activity is observed with H2O2, MeOOH, and EtOOH (MaehlyProduct Application:Isoelectric point: 7.2 (Maehly 1955).Inhibitors: Horseradish peroxidase is reversibly inhibited by cyanide and sulfide at a concentration of 10-5 M (Theorell 1951).Specificity: The enzyme exhibits a high specificity. Activity is observed with H2O2, MeOOH, and EtOOH (Maehly and Chance 1954). See also Chmielnicka et al. (1971) and Morrison and Bayse (1973)... Read More | Biochemical Test:SDS-PAGE (purity > 80%); Western blot with patient sample.Calculated Isoelectric Point:pH 4.19 | Purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionPlays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Binds to and sequesters actin monomers (G actin) and therefore inhibits actin polymerization. Seraspenide inhibits the entry of hematopoeitic pluripotent stem cells Purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionPlays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Binds to and sequesters actin monomers (G actin) and therefore inhibits actin polymerization. Seraspenide inhibits the entry of hematopoeitic pluripotent stem cells into the S-phase... Read More |