| Description | Cathepsin D is an estrogen-regulated protein associated with tissue breakdown. Levels of cathepsin D have been positively correlated with recurring breast cancers of both node-negative and node-positive types. Additionally cathepsin D has been associated with amyloid formation in Alzheimer's plaquesCathepsin D is an estrogen-regulated protein associated with tissue breakdown. Levels of cathepsin D have been positively correlated with recurring breast cancers of both node-negative and node-positive types. Additionally cathepsin D has been associated with amyloid formation in Alzheimer's plaques. As cathepsin D activity is increased by cigarette smoke, the enzyme may contribute to lung tissue damage in smokers.Activity: >=300 units per mg protein. One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that digests hemoglobin-releasing peptides which are soluble in 10% TCA. The reaction is measured by an increase of an A 280 of 1.0 per 60 minutes at 37°C. Substrate: acid denatured hemoglobin, pH 1.8 (0.2% in reaction mixture). Buffer: 100 mM formate, pH 3.3.Product Citations:Armstrong, Andrea, Niklas Mattsson, Hanna Appelqvist, Camilla Janefjord, Linnea Sandin, Lotta Agholme, Bob Olsson et al. "Lysosomal Network Proteins as Potential Novel CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease." Neuromolecular medicine (2013): 1-11Appelqvist, Hanna, et al. "Lysosome-mediated apoptosis is associated with cathepsin D-specific processing of bid at Phe24, Trp48, and Phe183."Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 42.3 (2012): 231-242.References:Barrett, A.J. 1977. Proteinases in Mammalian Cells and Tissues. (A. Barrett, ed.) 4, 209.Barrett, A.J. 1970. Biochemistry. 117, 601.Tandon, A.K. et al. 1990. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 297.Cataldo, A.M. et al. 1990. Brain Res. 513, 181.Chang, J.C. et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140, 958... Read More | Inquire | Arachis hypogaea lectin or Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) is isolated from peanuts and purified by affinity chromatography. The lectin has a molecular weight of 110 kDa and consists of four identical subunits of approximately 27 kDa each. PNA is a carbohydrate-free protein that displays specificity towardsArachis hypogaea lectin or Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) is isolated from peanuts and purified by affinity chromatography. The lectin has a molecular weight of 110 kDa and consists of four identical subunits of approximately 27 kDa each. PNA is a carbohydrate-free protein that displays specificity towards ?-D-Gal(1-3)-D-galNAc. It has potent anti-T activity and can be used to distinguish between human lymphocyte subsets. PNA has been used in tumour tissue determination for transitional mucosa malignancies. The lectin also agglutinates neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes at < 0.1 µg/ml after trypsin treatment of cells and its activity is inhibited by lactose and galactose. PNA lectin is provided as a white to light yellow lyophilized powder from a buffer containing 10 mM NH4HCO3. The purity is determined by SDS-PAGE, which generates one band at 25-27 kDa.● Ultrapure quality ● Strong anti-T activity ● Sugar specificity: ?-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-GalNAc ● Agglutinates rabbit erythrocytes at < 0.1 µg/ml after trypsin treatment of the cells ● Lyophilized powderProbe in histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry;Human erythrocyte/lymphocyte studies... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, KProtein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 10.16 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C3Molecular Weight187,000 Da (2 chains)General DescriptionRat C3 is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C3 is central to the activation of all three pathways of complement activation (Law, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995)). Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3 convertases) which are bound to the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. For a brief time (~60 µs) this nascent C3b is capable of reacting with and covalently coupling to hydroxyl groups on the target surface. Carbohydrates are the favored target, but protein hydroxyls and amino groups also react. This process of tagging the target surface with C3b is called opsonization. The reactive site in nascent C3b is a thioester (Tack B.J., et al. (1980); Pangburn M.K. and MüllerEberhard H.J. (1980)) and C3b is linked to the target through a covalent ester bond (an amide bond is formed if C3b is attached to amino groups). Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface because its thioester reacts with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. Surface-bound C3b is necessary in all three pathways for efficient activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes that lyse the target cell membrane. Surface-bound C3b and its breakdown products iC3b and C3d are recognized by numerous receptors on lymphoid and phagocytic cells which use the C3b ligand to stimulate antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune system. The end result is an expansion of target-specific B-cell and T-cell populations.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe calculated molecular weight of rat C3 based on its amino acid sequence is 184,111daltons (without the signal peptide) and is similar to that of human C3 (185,000 daltons).The molecular weight of rat C3 as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been reported by Daha, M.R. et al., (1979) to be 187,000 daltons composed of two disulfide linked chains, alpha chain (123,000 daltons) and beta chain (76,000 daltons). The extinction coefficient of rat C3 (E1%/280nm = 10.16) is calculated based on its amino acid sequence using ProtParam and assumes all pairs of Cys residues form cystines (i.e. a pair of cysteine molecules are joined by a disulfide bond). The theoretical pI of rat C3 is 6.12. The normal plasma concentration of C3 inWistar rats has been reported to be 0.581mg/ml (Daha, M.R. et al., (1979)).FunctionThe biological functions of C3 are described above in the General Description section.GeneticsRat C3 chromosome location 9. The NCBI Gene ID number for rat C3 is 24232 and UniProt accession number is P01026.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesLaw, S.K.A. and Reid, K.B.M. (1995) Complement 2nd Edition (ISBN 0199633568) Oxford University Press, Oxford.Tack BF, Harrison RA, Janatova J, Thomas ML, Prahl JW. (1980) Evidence for presence of an internal thiolester bond in third component of human complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77:5764-8.Pangburn M.K. and Müller-Eberhard H.J. (1980) Relation of putative thioester bond in C3 to activation of the alternative pathway and the binding of C3b to biological targets of complement. J Exp Med. 152:1102-14.Daha MR, Stuffers-Heiman M, Kijlstra A and Van ES LA. (1979) Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement. Immunology 36:63-70... Read More | Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat (MOG (35-55)) TFA is a minor component of CNS myelin. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat TFA has encephalitogenic activity and induces T cell proliferative. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat (MOG (35-55)) TFA is a minor component of CNS myelin. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat TFA has encephalitogenic activity and induces T cell proliferative. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat TFA induces Th1 cytokine response as well as relatively high levels of IgG antibodies. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat TFA produces a relapsing-remitting neurological disease with extensive plaque-like demyelination... Read More |