| Description | Cathepsin D is an estrogen-regulated protein associated with tissue breakdown. Levels of cathepsin D have been positively correlated with recurring breast cancers of both node-negative and node-positive types. Additionally cathepsin D has been associated with amyloid formation in Alzheimer's plaquesCathepsin D is an estrogen-regulated protein associated with tissue breakdown. Levels of cathepsin D have been positively correlated with recurring breast cancers of both node-negative and node-positive types. Additionally cathepsin D has been associated with amyloid formation in Alzheimer's plaques. As cathepsin D activity is increased by cigarette smoke, the enzyme may contribute to lung tissue damage in smokers.Activity: >=300 units per mg protein. One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that digests hemoglobin-releasing peptides which are soluble in 10% TCA. The reaction is measured by an increase of an A 280 of 1.0 per 60 minutes at 37°C. Substrate: acid denatured hemoglobin, pH 1.8 (0.2% in reaction mixture). Buffer: 100 mM formate, pH 3.3.Product Citations:Armstrong, Andrea, Niklas Mattsson, Hanna Appelqvist, Camilla Janefjord, Linnea Sandin, Lotta Agholme, Bob Olsson et al. "Lysosomal Network Proteins as Potential Novel CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease." Neuromolecular medicine (2013): 1-11Appelqvist, Hanna, et al. "Lysosome-mediated apoptosis is associated with cathepsin D-specific processing of bid at Phe24, Trp48, and Phe183."Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 42.3 (2012): 231-242.References:Barrett, A.J. 1977. Proteinases in Mammalian Cells and Tissues. (A. Barrett, ed.) 4, 209.Barrett, A.J. 1970. Biochemistry. 117, 601.Tandon, A.K. et al. 1990. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 297.Cataldo, A.M. et al. 1990. Brain Res. 513, 181.Chang, J.C. et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140, 958... Read More | Purity＞98% (SDS-PAGE; HPLC). Purity is greater than 98% as determined by SEC-HPLC and reducing SDS-PAGE.FunctionCytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.Purity＞98% (SDS-PAGE; HPLC). Purity is greater than 98% as determined by SEC-HPLC and reducing SDS-PAGE.FunctionCytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is secreted by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine or immune and inflammatory stimulation. It was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and has functions of stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages. GM-CSF has also been reported to have a functional role on non-hematopoietic cells and can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, it can stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines. GM-CSF is used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy and has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The recombinant Human GM-CSF is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 127 amino acids... Read More | Inquire | Purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.Additional sequence informationN-terminal Glycine.FunctionChemotactic for monocytes and T-lymphocytes. Binds to CXCR3.Post-translationalCXCL10(1-73) is produced by proteolytic cleavage after secretion from keratinocytes | Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) belongs to the large FGF family and it is specifically induced by HMGCS2 activity. In mice, brown adipose tissue becomes a source of systemic FGF21 after cold exposure. FGF-21 stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) belongs to the large FGF family and it is specifically induced by HMGCS2 activity. In mice, brown adipose tissue becomes a source of systemic FGF21 after cold exposure. FGF-21 stimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 expression and the activity depends on the presence of KLB. FGF-21, in the presence of β-Klotho as a protein cofactor, signals through the FGFR 1c and 4 receptors. Murine FGF-21 shows limited binding to heparin. In addition, Murine FGF-21 respectively shows 81% and 92% a.a. identity to human and rat FGF-21, and it show activity on human and rat cells. Recombinant Murine FGF21 is a 19.9kDa globular protein containing 182 amino acid residues.Purity>96%(SDS-PAGE, HPLC)Additional sequence informationA single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 182 amino acids. This product is for the mature full length protein. The signal peptide is not included.FunctionStimulates glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter SLC2A1/GLUT1 expression (but not SLC2A4/GLUT4 expression). Activity requires the presence of KLB... Read More |