| Description | EXOC8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for EXOC8 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components EXOC8 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) EXOC8 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) EXOC8 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control:EXOC8 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for EXOC8 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components EXOC8 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) EXOC8 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) EXOC8 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) FAM-labeled siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) GAPDH siRNA Positive Control:5 nmol (HPLC)... Read More | Protein Purity>90 % by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.725 at 1.0 mg/mL for pure C1s-C1INH ComplexMolecular Weight196,000 Da (1 chain)General DescriptionThe product C1s-C1INH Complex is made by interacting purified protease inhibitor C1-INH with purified C1s enzyme followed by purification. Protein Purity>90 % by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.725 at 1.0 mg/mL for pure C1s-C1INH ComplexMolecular Weight196,000 Da (1 chain)General DescriptionThe product C1s-C1INH Complex is made by interacting purified protease inhibitor C1-INH with purified C1s enzyme followed by purification. The protease inhibitor C1-INH prevents the spontaneous activation of complement and limits consumption of C2 and C4 by rapidly inactivating C1r, C1s and MASP2. It is the only plasma serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) capable of interacting with and inhibiting activated C1. C1-INH interacts with the catalytic sites of both C1r and C1s. The interaction with activated C1r and C1s is covalent resulting in complexes which are stable to SDS. C1s and C1r enzymes, however, are irreversibly inactivated by binding to C1-INH. C1s-C1INH is a very stable complex that remains intact even when subjected to freeze/thaw cycles with almost no loss of the complex form.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe C1s enzyme-C1INH complex is composed of two disulfide linked chains from C1s enzyme (A chain 58,000 Da and B chain 28,000 Da) and one covalently linked chain from C1-INH (75,000 Da).SDS-PAGE analysis of the C1s-C1INH complex shows a single band of about 161,000 Da under nonreducing conditions. Under reducing conditions, the C1s-C1INH complex exhibits two bands: A 58,000 Da band corresponding to the A chain of C1s enzyme and a second 103,000 Da band resulting from C1INH (75,000 Da) covalently bond to the B chain (28,000 Da) of C1s enzyme.RegulationActivated C1s is controlled by C1-INH. C1s enzyme and C1-INH form a covalent complex that is resistant to separation on SDS gels. During complement activation C1 complex is rapidly activated by binding to immune complexes. The resulting activated C1s and C1r are rapidly inactivated by interaction with C1-INH (Ziccardi, R.J. (1982)). Binding to immune complexes is fast (10-20 sec) and activation of the bound C1 complex takes several minutes, but C1-INH has also been shown to be fast and no active C1r or C1s remain 4 min after addition of immune complexes to plasma (Ross, G.D. (1986); Ziccardi,R.J. (1981)). The binding of C1-INH to activated C1 releases both C1r and C1s from the complex leaving C1q bound to the immune complex. The released complexes contain four molecules: C1-INH-C1r-C1s-C1-INH. The reaction of C1 esterase inhibitor with activated C1 is very fast with the estimated half-life of C1r and C1s being approximately 15 seconds in serum. In fact, at serum concentrations of C1- INH little or no additional C4 or C2 activation occurs 3 min after immune complexes are added because all the C1r and C1s molecules have been inactivated and removed from the C1q which remains bound to the immune complex (Ross, G.D. (1986); Morley, B.J. and Walport, M.J. (2000); Rother, K., et al. (1998); Ziccardi, R.J. (1982a and 1982b); Morgan, B.P. (1990)). The interaction of purified C1s enzyme and C1-INH is slower.FunctionSee General Description and Regulation above.ApplicationsC1s-C1INH complex can be used in studies designed for developing and identifying inhibitors of C1s-C1INH complex formation and thus lead to the possible development of therapeutics for inhibiting complement activation via the classical pathway.GeneticsThe EMBL/Genbank cDNA accession number for C1s is J04080. The gene for C1s is located on chromosome 12p13. The EMBL/Genbank cDNA accession numbers for C1-INH are M13656 and X54486 (human) and Y10386 (mouse). The gene for C1-INH is located on chromosome 11p11.2-13. DeficienciesC1s deficient patients are prone to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and recurrent pyogenic infections (Rother, K., et al. (1998)). They lack classical pathway function. The genetic disorder hereditary angioedema (HAE) is caused by a partial deficiency of C1-INH. Patients with HAE have low functional C1-INH levels in blood and have recurrent episodes of systemic or localized edema.DiseasesSee section titled Deficiencies above. Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from human serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any blood-derived product must be used even though the source was shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II.ReferencesZiccardi, RJ. (1982) A new role for C-1-inhibitor in homeostasis: control of activation of the first component of human complement. J. Immunol. 128:2505-2508.Ross, G.D. (1986) Immunobiology of the Complement System. (ISBN 0-12-5976402) Academic Press, Orlando.Ziccardi, R.J. (1981) Activation of the early components of the classical complement pathway under physiologic conditions. J. Immunol. 126:1769-1773.Morley, B.J. and Walport, M.J. (2000) The Complement Facts Book. (ISBN 0127333606) Academic Press, London.Rother, K., Till, G.O., and Hӓnsch, G.M. (1998) The Complement System. (ISBN 3-540- 61894-5) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.Ziccardi, R.J. (1982a) Spontaneous activation of the first component of human complement (C1) by an intramolecular autocatalytic mechanism. J. Immunol. 128:2500- 2504.Ziccardi, RJ. (1982b) A new role for C-1-inhibitor in homeostasis: control of activation of the first component of human complement. J. Immunol. 128:2505-2508. Morgan, B.P. (1990) Complement Clinical Aspects and Relevance to Disease. (ISBN 0- 12-506955-3) Academic Press, London... Read More | Purity> 95% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionGrowth factor that controls proliferation and cellular differentiation in the retina and bone formation. Plays a key role in regulating apoptosis during retinal development. Establishes dorsal-ventral positional information in the retina and Purity> 95% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionGrowth factor that controls proliferation and cellular differentiation in the retina and bone formation. Plays a key role in regulating apoptosis during retinal development. Establishes dorsal-ventral positional information in the retina and controls the formation of the retinotectal map (PubMed:23307924). Required for normal formation of bones and joints in the limbs, skull, digits and axial skeleton. Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development. Regulation of GDF6 expression seems to be a mechanism for evolving species-specific changes in skeletal strucutres. Seems to positively regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through the growth factor receptors subunits BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2 and ACVR2A, leading to the activation of SMAD1-SMAD5-SMAD8 complex. The regulation of chondrogenic differentiation is inhibited by NOG (PubMed:26643732). Also involved in the induction of adipogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells. This mechanism acts through the growth factor receptors subunits BMPR1A, BMPR2 and ACVR2A and the activation of SMAD1-SMAD5-SMAD8 complex and MAPK14/p38... Read More | FunctionSignal-transducing molecule. The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11, CTF1 and BSF3 can utilize gp130 for initiating signal transmission. Binds to IL6/IL6R (alpha chain) complex, resulting in the formation of high-affinity IL6 binding sites, and transduces the signal. Does not FunctionSignal-transducing molecule. The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11, CTF1 and BSF3 can utilize gp130 for initiating signal transmission. Binds to IL6/IL6R (alpha chain) complex, resulting in the formation of high-affinity IL6 binding sites, and transduces the signal. Does not bind IL6. May have a role in embryonic development (By similarity). The type I OSM receptor is capable of transducing OSM-specific signaling events.Post-translationalPhosphorylation of Ser-782 down-regulates cell surface expression. Heavily N-glycosylated... Read More | Product Characteristics UNI-StabilPLUS is a universal stabilizer for the dilution and stabilization of both Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) labeled proteins and antibodies, in order to maintain the molecular conformation and prevent loss of activity over time. This enablesProduct Characteristics UNI-StabilPLUS is a universal stabilizer for the dilution and stabilization of both Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) labeled proteins and antibodies, in order to maintain the molecular conformation and prevent loss of activity over time. This enables the making of pre-diluted, ready-to-use conjugates, minimizing assay errors in dilution. Superior stabilization of HRP and AP conjugated antibodies in low as well as high protein dilutions is seen, when using UNI-StabilPLUS. When tested with AP conjugated antibody stability is seen as follows: • at least 3 years at 2-8 °C • at least 2 years at room temperature • at least 4 weeks at 37 °C When tested with HRP conjugated antibody stability is seen as follows: • at least 2 years at 2-8 °C • at least 1 years at room temperature • at least 2 weeks at 37 °CUNI-StabilPLUS is recommended for the dilution of antibodies directed against rabbit immunoglobulins unlike HRP-StabilPLUS (cat. no. H494387) and Antibody Enhancer (cat. no. A494276).Composition & Properties UNI-StabilPLUS is a ready-to use buffer that appears as an opaque solution. The product is based on a mild acid Tris buffer containing proprietary stabilizing components. UNI-StabilPLUS contains neither BSA, nor other material from bovine serum, no azide, mercury or other toxic components.Working Procedure 1.Make a series of dilutions of the HRP- or AP conjugated protein in UNI-StabilPLUS in order to determine the optimal dilution. 2.Run the assay as usual or store the diluted conjugated protein preferably at 2-8 °C.Tips & Tricks • Avoid using phosphate buffers for AP-conjugated antibody assays. We recommend the use of Tris/HCl, Tween as the washing buffer, instead of a PBS buffer which will reduce signal significantly. • For extended stability of HRP conjugated antibodies, HRP-StabilPLUS (cat. no. H494387) is recommended. Handling & Storage • Store solution at 2-8 °C... Read More |