| Description | Starch is a high polymer of carbohydrates, and it is a mixture composed of two polysaccharides, namely amylose and amylopectin. Starch requires the action of stable high-temperature-resistant amylase to produce shorter-chain dextrins. Glucoamylase is mainly used for the hydrolysis of starch in the Starch is a high polymer of carbohydrates, and it is a mixture composed of two polysaccharides, namely amylose and amylopectin. Starch requires the action of stable high-temperature-resistant amylase to produce shorter-chain dextrins. Glucoamylase is mainly used for the hydrolysis of starch in the production of glucose syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, and alcohol. This product is refined and extracted from the excellent strain of Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. It is widely used in industries such as winemaking, starch processing, starch sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, and antibiotics.Working MechanismStarch glucosidase, also known as glucoamylase, can start from the non-reducing end of the starch molecule and hydrolyze the α-1,4 glycosidic bond, thereby producing 6-C and D-glucose. This enzyme can also hydrolyze the α-1,6 glucosidic bond.Product CharacteristicsThe pH range of this product is 4.0-4.5, and the applicable pH range is 3.0-5.5.The temperature range of this product is 40-60℃ (104-140°F), and the optimal temperature range is 58-60℃ (136-140°F).Usage MethodsThis product is used in the manufacturing industries of brewing yeast, starch, citric acid, etc. The enzyme addition amount is 100-300 U/g (at pH 4.0-5.0 and temperature 60℃).1. Alcohol Industry (using starchy materials as raw materials): When the mash is cooked and cooled to 59±1℃, add glucoamylase, stir evenly, keep it warm for 30 minutes, and then cool it down before sending it for fermentation. The recommended enzyme addition amount is 120-150 U/g of raw material. (If the quality of the raw material is poor or it is moldy and deteriorated, the enzyme addition amount should be increased to 150-180 U/g of raw material.)2. Liquor Industry: After the solid fermented grains are cooked and cooled to the required temperature range, add the required amount of glucoamylase into the slurry water, and then evenly add it to the fermented grains (it can also be used together with Daqu and yeast). Recommended usage amount: 250-300 U/g of raw material. (Note: The usage amount of glucoamylase in liquor production should be determined according to the length of the fermentation cycle.)3. Starch Sugar Industry: The addition ratio is 100-300 U/g (at pH 4.2-4.5). Keep the temperature of the mixture at 60℃.4. Beer Industry: Add it before saccharification or fermentation.5. Wine Brewing and Vinegar Manufacturing Industry: Adding fermented yeast with enzymes can improve the yield.Storage ConditionsThis product is a biologically active substance and should be stored in a low-temperature and dry place, avoiding direct sunlight. When stored at room temperature (25℃) for three months, the enzyme activity is not lower than the marked enzyme activity. When stored at low temperature (below 25℃, but not frozen), its activity can be maintained for a longer time.PrecautionsThis product is non-toxic and biodegradable. Avoid unnecessary contact, as long-term contact with proteins in some products may make some people sensitive to this product. After each contact with the product, wash hands with warm water and soap, and keep the product out of the reach of children... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.631 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C1qMolecular Weight400,000 Da (18 chains)General DescriptionRat C1q is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C1q is part of the C1 complex, which is the first complement component in the classical pathway of Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.631 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C1qMolecular Weight400,000 Da (18 chains)General DescriptionRat C1q is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C1q is part of the C1 complex, which is the first complement component in the classical pathway of complement. The C1 complex is a non-covalent assembly of three different proteins (C1q, C1r, and C1s) bound together in a calcium-dependent complex. C1q has six extended arms with domains at the end of each arm that bind to the Fc domains of immunoglobulins such as IgG or IgM. When antibodies bind toantigens, forming immune complexes, they cluster allowing two or more of the six C1q arms to bind to the Fc domains of antibodies. Rat IgG2 is very efficient when compared to IgG1 in activating complement (Medgyesi, G.A et., al., 1981). This is in contrast to the human system in which IgG1 activates complement but not IgG2 (Redpath, S. et. al., 1998). The binding of multiple arms of C1q to immune complexes causes the two C1r proteins in the complex (protease zymogens) to auto-activate. The activated C1r proteases cleave and activate the two C1s protease zymogens in the complex. The activated C1s cleaves complement component C4 releasing C4a and initiating covalent attachment of C4b to the activating surface. Activated C1s also cleaves C2 and the larger fragment of C2 binds to the surface-attached C4b forming C4b,C2a, the C3/C5 convertase of the classical pathway.Rat IgG1 cannot activate complement whereas rat IgG2 does.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe apparent molecular weight of rat C1q as determined by gel filtration has been reported to be 400,000 by Veerhuis, R. et al., (1985) and is calculated to be 420,000 based on its amino acid sequence. Rat C1q is a high molecular weight complex of 18 polypeptide chains. Each of the six arms of rat C1q contains three chains, an A chain (~30,000 daltons), a B chain (~28,000 daltons) and a C chain (~26,000 daltons) as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Wing, M.G. et al., (1993)).FunctionThe biological functions of C1q are described above in the General Description and Physical Characteristics sections.ApplicationsRat C1q can be used to coat ELISA plates to capture and quantitate immune complexes in samples from rat models used for studying immune complex related diseases and conditions.GeneticsNCBI Gene ID numbers for rat C1q are: C1q A chain (298566), C1q B chain (29687), and C1q C chain (362634). The genes for C1q chains A, B and C are all located on chromosome 5. The UniprotKB primary accession numbers for rat C1q are: C1q A chain (P31720), C1q B chain (P31721), and C1q C chain (P31722).Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesMedgyesi, G.A et., Miklos, K., Kulics, J., Fust, G., and Gergely, J. Bazin, H. (1981). Classes and subclasses of rat antibodies: reaction with the antigen and interaction of the complex with the complement system. Immunology 43, 171-176.Redpath, S., Michaelsen, T., Sandlie, I. and Clark, M. R. (1998). Activation of complement by human IgG1 and human IgG3 antibodies against the human leucocyte antigen CD52. Immunology 93, 595–600.Veerhuis, R., Van Es, L.A. and Daha, M.R. (1985). In vivo degradation of rat C1q induced by intravenous injection of soluble IgG aggregates. Immunology 54, 801-810.Wing, M.G., Seilly, D. J., Bridgman, D.J. and Harrison, R.A. (1993). Rapid isolation and biochemical characterization of rat C1 and C1q. Molecular Immunology 30, 433-440... Read More | p53 and MDM2 proteins-interaction-inhibitor dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of the interaction between p53 and MDM2 proteins.Form:Solid | Purity>95% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionLigand for IL17RA and IL17RC (PubMed:17911633). The heterodimer formed by IL17A and IL17F is a ligand for the heterodimeric complex formed by IL17RA and IL17RC (PubMed:18684971). Involved in stimulating the production of other cytokines such as IL6Purity>95% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.FunctionLigand for IL17RA and IL17RC (PubMed:17911633). The heterodimer formed by IL17A and IL17F is a ligand for the heterodimeric complex formed by IL17RA and IL17RC (PubMed:18684971). Involved in stimulating the production of other cytokines such as IL6, IL8 and CSF2, and in regulation of cartilage matrix turnover (PubMed:11591732, PubMed:11591768, PubMed:11574464). Also involved in stimulating the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T-cells and in inhibition of angiogenesis (PubMed:11591732). Plays a role in the induction of neutrophilia in the lungs and in the exacerbation of antigen-induced pulmonary allergic inflammation... Read More | Purity≥95% SDS-PAGE.Endotoxin level<0.1 EU/µgFunctionMediates NK cell adhesion and triggers NK cell effector functions. Binds two different NK cell receptors: CD96 and CD226. These interactions accumulates at the cell-cell contact site, leading to the formation of a mature Purity≥95% SDS-PAGE.Endotoxin level<0.1 EU/µgFunctionMediates NK cell adhesion and triggers NK cell effector functions. Binds two different NK cell receptors: CD96 and CD226. These interactions accumulates at the cell-cell contact site, leading to the formation of a mature immunological synapse between NK cell and target cell. This may trigger adhesion and secretion of lytic granules and IFN-gamma and activate cytoxicity of activated NK cells. May also promote NK cell-target cell modular exchange, and PVR transfer to the NK cell. This transfer is more important in some tumor cells expressing a lot of PVR, and may trigger fratricide NK cell activation, providing tumors with a mechanism of immunoevasion. Plays a role in mediating tumor cell invasion and migration. Serves as a receptor for poliovirus attachment to target cells. May play a role in axonal transport of poliovirus, by targeting virion-PVR-containing endocytic vesicles to the microtubular network through interaction with DYNLT1. This interaction would drive the virus-containing vesicle to the axonal retrograde transport... Read More |