| Description | ECEL1 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for ECEL1 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components ECEL1 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) ECEL1 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) ECEL1 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control:ECEL1 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for ECEL1 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components ECEL1 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) ECEL1 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) ECEL1 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) FAM-labeled siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) GAPDH siRNA Positive Control:5 nmol (HPLC)... Read More | The Leuconostoc GPDH exhibits dual coenzyme specificity, namely NAD and NADP (Olive and Levy, Biochem., 6, 730 730, 1967). When assayed under conditions that are optimal for the particular coenzyme, the ratio of observed catalytic activity is NAD/NADP = 1.8 | Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue StainingDescription:Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic, alpha-helical, 22-28 kDa phosphorylated and variably glycosylated cytokine that plays important roles in the acute phase reaction, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism,Purity:>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue StainingDescription:Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic, alpha-helical, 22-28 kDa phosphorylated and variably glycosylated cytokine that plays important roles in the acute phase reaction, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and cancer progression. Mature human IL-6 is 183 amino acids (aa) in length and shares 39% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-6. Alternative splicing generates several isoforms with internal deletions, some of which exhibit antagonistic properties. IL-6 induces signaling through a cell surface heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a ligand-binding subunit (IL-6 R alpha) and a signal-transducing subunit (gp130). IL-6 binds to IL-6 R alpha, triggering IL-6 R alpha association with gp130 and gp130 dimerization. Gp130 is also a component of the receptors for CLC, CNTF, CT-1, IL-11, IL-27, LIF, and OSM. Soluble forms of IL-6 R alpha are generated by both alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage. In a mechanism known as trans-signaling, complexes of soluble IL-6 and IL-6 R alpha elicit responses from gp130-expressing cells that lack cell surface IL-6 R alpha. Trans-signaling enables a wider range of cell types to respond to IL-6, as the expression of gp130 is ubiquitous, while that of IL-6 R alpha is predominantly restricted to hepatocytes, monocytes, and resting lymphocytes. Soluble splice forms of gp130 block trans-signaling from IL-6/IL-6 R alpha but not from other cytokines that use gp130 as a co-receptor. IL-6, along with TNF-alpha and IL-1, drives the acute inflammatory response and the transition from acute inflammation to either acquired immunity or chronic inflammatory disease. When dysregulated, it contributes to chronic inflammation in obesity, insulin resistance, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. IL-6 can also function as an anti-inflammatory molecule, as in skeletal muscle where it is secreted in response to exercise. In addition, it enhances hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and the differentiation of Th17 cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells... Read More | Protein:BSA-Free | Vabicaserin hydrochloride is a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C ( 5-HT 2C ) receptor -selective agonist with an EC 50 of 8 nM.In VitroVabicaserin displaces 125 I-(2,5-dimethoxy)phenylisopropylamine binding from human 5-HT 2C receptor sites in Chinese hamster ovary cell membranes with a K i value of 3 nM and Vabicaserin hydrochloride is a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C ( 5-HT 2C ) receptor -selective agonist with an EC 50 of 8 nM.In VitroVabicaserin displaces 125 I-(2,5-dimethoxy)phenylisopropylamine binding from human 5-HT 2C receptor sites in Chinese hamster ovary cell membranes with a K i value of 3 nM and is >50-fold selective over a number of serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic receptors. Binding affinity determined for the human 5-HT 2B receptor subtype using [ 3 H]5HT is 14 nM. Vabicaserin is a potent and full agonist (EC 50, 8 nM; E max, 100%) in stimulating 5-HT 2C receptor-coupled calcium mobilization and exhibits 5-HT 2A receptor antagonism and 5-HT 2B antagonist or partial agonist activity in transfected cells, depending on the level of receptor expression. Vabicaserin exhibits lower affinity at the 5-HT 2C antagonist binding site (22 nM) labeled with [ 3 H]mesulergine. Additional binding studies indicate that Vabicaserin possesses affinity for the 5-HT 2B and 5-HT 1A receptors with K i values of 14 and 112 nM, respectively. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.In VivoAfter a single oral dose of [ 14 C]Vabicaserin at 50, 5, and 15 mg/kg, unchanged drug represents less than 19, 20, and 35% of total plasma radioactivity at all the time points examined in mice, rats, and dogs, respectively. The carbamoyl glucuronide (CG) represents approximately 7 to 36% of plasma radioactivity in mice and 2 to 28% of plasma radioactivity in dogs but is not detected in rat plasma after the single [ 14 C]Vabicaserin dose. However, the CG is observed in rat plasma after multiple-dose administration of Vabicaserin at higher doses, and the CG is approximately 20 times less than Vabicaserin based on steady-state AUC 0-24 values. The estimated plasma AUC 0-24 ratios of CG to the parent drug are 1.5 and 1.7 in mice and dogs after the single [ 14 C]Vabicaserin dose, respectively. The plasma AUC 0-24 ratios for the CG to Vabicaserin at steady state with doses used for safety assessment are less for mice (0.2-0.6) and slightly higher for dogs (1.8-4.0) compared with the single dose values. The CG is detected in dog urine in similar amounts to the parent drug, although it is not detected in mouse or rat urine after the single [ 14 C]Vabicaserin dose. Radioactivity in a 0- to 24-h bile collection from rats receiving a 5 mg/kg [ 14 C]Vabicaserin dose accounts for 19 and 24% of the administered dose in males and females, respectively. Although the CG is not detected in urine or feces of rats after a single oral administration, it represents an average of up to 30% of biliary radioactivity in male rats and 15% in female rats. In monkeys after a single oral 25-mg/kg dose of Vabicaserin, the plasma concentrations of the CG exceeded those of Vabicaserin at all the time points (2-24 h) postdose, although the amount of CG relative to Vabicaserin decreased by 24 h postdose, with ratios of 17.5 at 2 h and 1.7 at 24 h. The CG to Vabicaserin AUC 0-24 ratio of 12:1 indicates that the CG is a major metabolite in monkeys. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.Animal administrationMice and Rats For metabolism studies in mice, rats, and dogs, radiolabeled doses are used. Male and female CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats are used. The dose vehicle for mice and rats contained 2% (w/w) Tween 80 and 0.5% methylcellulose in water. Nonfasted male and female mice weighing from 27.8 to 33.8 g at the time of dosing are given a single 50-mg/kg (∼300 µCi/kg) dose of Vabicaserin at a volume of 20 mL/kg via intragastric gavage. Mice are kept in metabolic cages in groups of five. Nonfasted male rats weighing from 318 to 345 g and female rats weighing from 227 to 255 g at the time of dosing are given a single 5-mg/kg (∼300 µCi/kg) dose of Vabicaserin at a volume of 2.5 mL/kg via intragastric gavage. Four bile duct-cannulated male rats weighing from 387 to 411 g and four bile duct-cannulated female rats weighing from 291 to 325 g at the time of dosing are nonfasted and are given a single 5-mg/kg (323 µCi/kg) dose of Vabicaserin at a volume of 5.0 mL/kg via intragastric gavage. Rats are kept individually in metabolism cages. Dogs Four male beagle dogs, weighing from 7.6 to 9.8 kg at the time of dosing, are from an in-house colony. Approximately 11 mg of [ 14 C]Vabicaserin hydrochloride and 940 mg of nonlabeled Vabicaserin hydrochloride are dissolved in methanol and then evaporated under a nitrogen stream to dryness. Capsules (number 2) are filled with accurate amounts (126.7-138.1 mg) of the mixed drug substance according to animal weights to give a dosage of 15 mg/kg (39 µCi/kg). The filled gelatin capsules are then enteric-coated manually. Each dog is given one enteric-coated capsule containing [ 14 C]Vabicaserin as the hydrochloride salt. Animals are fed 2 h before dosing and are housed individually in metabolic cages. Monkey Four male cynomolgus monkeys, weighing from 5.4 to 9.6 kg at the time of dosing, are from an in-house colony. Nonfasted monkeys are given a single 25-mg/kg dose of nonradiolabeled Vabicaserin at a volume of 2 mL/kg via intragastric gavage. The vehicle is the same as used in mice and rats. Animals are housed individually in metabolic cages. aladdin has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.IC50& Target:5-HT 2C Receptor 8 nM (EC 50 )... Read More |