| Description | Background informationAnnexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that preferentially bind phosphatidylserine (PS). Under normal physiologic conditions, PS is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Upon initiation of apoptosis, PS loses its Background informationAnnexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins that preferentially bind phosphatidylserine (PS). Under normal physiologic conditions, PS is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Upon initiation of apoptosis, PS loses its asymmetric distribution across the phospholipid bilayer and is translocated to the extracellular membrane leaflet marking cells as targets of phagocytosis. Once on the outer surface of the membrane, PS can be detected by fluorescently labeled Annexin V in a calcium-dependent manner.In early-stage apoptosis, the plasma membrane excludes viability dyes such as propidium iodide (PI), 7-AAD. These cells will stain with Annexin V but not a viability dye, thus distinguishing cells in early apoptosis. However, in late stage apoptosis, the cell membrane loses integrity thereby allowing Annexin V to also access PS in the interior of the cell. A viability dye can be used to resolve these late-stage apoptotic and necrotic cells (Annexin V, viability dye-positive) from the early-stage apoptotic cells (Annexin V positive, viability dye-negative).We offer recombinant Annexin V conjugated to a numerous fluorophores, as well as an Annexin V biotin conjugate which can be detected with fluorophore-labeled streptavidin. By binding to PS, fluorophores labeled Annexin V can be used to detect and quantify apoptotic cells via flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. The excitation and emission maxima of the Annexin V conjugates are summarized in the following table.Cat.No.Ex/Em (nm)Formatrp226056NABiotinrp225999401/422AF405rp226057490/525AF488rp226060650/668AF647rp226002681/704AF680rp226003752/776AF750rp226053498/517FITCrp226004410/455Pacific Bluerp226006647/665Cy5rp226054650/660APCrp226055565/575PErp226058565/670PE-Cy5rp226059565/774PE-Cy7 Precautions1. Please try to avoid light when using to slow down the quenching of fluorescence.2. Propidium Iodide Solution is toxigenic and mutagenic; handle with care.3. Due to the calcium dependence of the Annexin V:PS interaction, it is critical to avoid buffers containing EDTA or other calcium chelators during Annexin V experiments.Instruction for use1. Dilute 10X Binding Buffer (A1372288) to 1X using distilled water (1 mL 10X Binding Buffer + 9 mL ddH2O).2. Wash cells twice with cold PBS and then resuspend the desired amounts of cells in Annexin V Binding Buffer at a concentration of 1.0-5.0 x 106 cells/mL.3. Add 5 µL of Annexin V-AF680 to 100 µL of the cell suspension. Stain with a viability dye, such as PI (P1373641; P1372285), 7-AAD (A1372406), or DAPI (D1372407) dyes, if desired.4. Gently vortex the cells and incubate for 10 min at RT (25°C) in the dark.5. Add 100 µL of 1X Binding Buffer to each assay. Analyze by flow cytometry within 1 hr... Read More | IRAK-4 protein kinase inhibitor 2 (compound 1) is a potent inhibitor of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), with an IC 50 of 4 µM. IRAK-4 protein kinase inhibitor 2 can be used for the research of inflammatory and immune-related conditions or disordersIn VitroIRAK-4 IRAK-4 protein kinase inhibitor 2 (compound 1) is a potent inhibitor of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), with an IC 50 of 4 µM. IRAK-4 protein kinase inhibitor 2 can be used for the research of inflammatory and immune-related conditions or disordersIn VitroIRAK-4 protein kinase inhibitor 2 (compound 1) also inhibits IRAK-1, with an IC 50 of <10 µM. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.IC50& Target:IRAK4 4 µM (IC 50 )... Read More | Purity:>90%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport | Purity>95% (SDS-PAGE) Endotoxin level<1.0 EU/µgFunctionInhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T-cells | purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analysesFunctionFunctionElicits growth inhibition on melanoma cells in vitro as well as some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas.Post-translationalMay possess two intramolecular disulfide bonds |