| Description | CASKIN2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASKIN2 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components CASKIN2 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) CASKIN2 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) CASKIN2 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA CASKIN2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASKIN2 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components CASKIN2 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) CASKIN2 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) CASKIN2 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) FAM-labeled siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) GAPDH siRNA Positive Control:5 nmol (HPLC)... Read More | Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.631 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C1qMolecular Weight400,000 Da (18 chains)General DescriptionRat C1q is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C1q is part of the C1 complex, which is the first complement component in the classical pathway of Protein Purity≥85% by SDS PAGEExtinction CoeffA280 nm = 0.631 at 1.0 mg/ml for pure C1qMolecular Weight400,000 Da (18 chains)General DescriptionRat C1q is purified from pooled normal rat serum. C1q is part of the C1 complex, which is the first complement component in the classical pathway of complement. The C1 complex is a non-covalent assembly of three different proteins (C1q, C1r, and C1s) bound together in a calcium-dependent complex. C1q has six extended arms with domains at the end of each arm that bind to the Fc domains of immunoglobulins such as IgG or IgM. When antibodies bind toantigens, forming immune complexes, they cluster allowing two or more of the six C1q arms to bind to the Fc domains of antibodies. Rat IgG2 is very efficient when compared to IgG1 in activating complement (Medgyesi, G.A et., al., 1981). This is in contrast to the human system in which IgG1 activates complement but not IgG2 (Redpath, S. et. al., 1998). The binding of multiple arms of C1q to immune complexes causes the two C1r proteins in the complex (protease zymogens) to auto-activate. The activated C1r proteases cleave and activate the two C1s protease zymogens in the complex. The activated C1s cleaves complement component C4 releasing C4a and initiating covalent attachment of C4b to the activating surface. Activated C1s also cleaves C2 and the larger fragment of C2 binds to the surface-attached C4b forming C4b,C2a, the C3/C5 convertase of the classical pathway.Rat IgG1 cannot activate complement whereas rat IgG2 does.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe apparent molecular weight of rat C1q as determined by gel filtration has been reported to be 400,000 by Veerhuis, R. et al., (1985) and is calculated to be 420,000 based on its amino acid sequence. Rat C1q is a high molecular weight complex of 18 polypeptide chains. Each of the six arms of rat C1q contains three chains, an A chain (~30,000 daltons), a B chain (~28,000 daltons) and a C chain (~26,000 daltons) as determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Wing, M.G. et al., (1993)).FunctionThe biological functions of C1q are described above in the General Description and Physical Characteristics sections.ApplicationsRat C1q can be used to coat ELISA plates to capture and quantitate immune complexes in samples from rat models used for studying immune complex related diseases and conditions.GeneticsNCBI Gene ID numbers for rat C1q are: C1q A chain (298566), C1q B chain (29687), and C1q C chain (362634). The genes for C1q chains A, B and C are all located on chromosome 5. The UniprotKB primary accession numbers for rat C1q are: C1q A chain (P31720), C1q B chain (P31721), and C1q C chain (P31722).Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from animal plasma/serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any animal blood-derived product must be used.ReferencesMedgyesi, G.A et., Miklos, K., Kulics, J., Fust, G., and Gergely, J. Bazin, H. (1981). Classes and subclasses of rat antibodies: reaction with the antigen and interaction of the complex with the complement system. Immunology 43, 171-176.Redpath, S., Michaelsen, T., Sandlie, I. and Clark, M. R. (1998). Activation of complement by human IgG1 and human IgG3 antibodies against the human leucocyte antigen CD52. Immunology 93, 595–600.Veerhuis, R., Van Es, L.A. and Daha, M.R. (1985). In vivo degradation of rat C1q induced by intravenous injection of soluble IgG aggregates. Immunology 54, 801-810.Wing, M.G., Seilly, D. J., Bridgman, D.J. and Harrison, R.A. (1993). Rapid isolation and biochemical characterization of rat C1 and C1q. Molecular Immunology 30, 433-440... Read More | General DescriptionNatural human C5a is prepared from human C5 protein cleaved into C5a and C5b by human C5 convertase. The C5a is converted to C5a desArg by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal arginine. The primary carboxypeptidase responsible for Arg removal is serum carboxypeptidase N, but General DescriptionNatural human C5a is prepared from human C5 protein cleaved into C5a and C5b by human C5 convertase. The C5a is converted to C5a desArg by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal arginine. The primary carboxypeptidase responsible for Arg removal is serum carboxypeptidase N, but there are several different carboxypepticases in serum. C5a desArg is a naturally glycosylated polypeptide containing 73 amino acids with a molecular weight of approx. 10,250 daltons. It contains 25% carbohydrate attached to a single Asn residue at position 64. This carbohydrate is of variable structure leading to a broad distribution of MW upon analysis by mass spectroscopy. C5a is the most potent anaplylatoxin (compared to C3a and C4a). C5a desArg is produced when C5a is“inactivated” by removal of its C-terminal arginine amino acid. This cleavage occurs by the action of the plasma enzyme carboxypeptidase N. This inactivation is rapid and most C5a is converted to C5a desArg within minutes of its formation. “Inactivated” C5a still possesses approx. 1% of its anaphylatoxic and chemotatic activities, but its stimulatory activity is only reduced 10-fold. Thus, C5a desArg retains considerable biological activity even though it is frequently called inactivated C5a. Its biological properties include being weakly chemotactic for neutrophils (PMN), causing smooth muscle contraction, increasing vascular permeability, causing histamine and TNF-alpha release, and causing lysosomal degranulation of immune cells. C5a and C5a desArg act through the C5a Receptor (C5aR, CD88, a G-protein coupled receptor) on PMN, monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and mast cells. A second receptor of unknown function (C5L2, gpr77) has been identified. Due to the widespread expression of C5a receptors and the results from C5aR KO mice it is believed that C5a and its receptors have many nonimmunolgical functions in organ development, CNS development, neurodegeneration, tissue regeneration and hematopoiesis (Monk, P.N. et al. (2007)).Native versus Recombinant C5a desArgNumerous recombinant forms of C5a and C5a desArg are sold by many companies. In side-by-side biological testing, we have found that our native native proteins are 10- to 100-fold more active per µg than all but one of these recombinant proteins. Structurally not a single one of the recombinant proteins on the market has the correct amino acid sequence or structure. They have extra amino acids at the N-terminal (such as 6 His tags), different amino acids in the sequence itself (some were produced from the original, but incorrect amino acid sequence), and none possess the 25% carbohydrate at Asn 64. In fact, one recombinant C5a on the market has approximately 30 additional amino acids at the N-terminal end due to the cloning vector used. This is a 40% addition of nonsense structure to the C5a molecule. Both our C5a and our C5adesArg are native proteins produced by the native human C5 convertase.Physical Characteristics & StructureDeglycosylated MW: Calculated monoisotopic mass 8112; Calculated average mass 8117.Isoelectric point: pI = 8.8Carbohydrate content: ~25% carbohydrate (heterogeneous) Amino acid sequence: TLQKKIEEIA AKYKHSVVKK CCYDGACVNN DETCEQRAAR ISLGPRCIKA FTECCVVASQ LRANISHKDM QLGMDL Number: MFCD00130842NMRderived structure: FEBS Lett. 238:289-294, 1988; Biochemistry 28:172-185,1989; Biochemistry 29:2895-2905, 1990; Proteins 28:261-267, 1997.Extinction Coeff. A280 nm = 0.41 at 1.0 mg/mlPurity: > 97% by SDS-PAGEAssaysThe multitude of biological functions of C5a has resulted in the use of many different assay systems. The most typical biological assays being smooth muscle contraction assays using guinea pig ileum, chemotaxis assays using neutrophils or granule-release assays using human PMN or similar cell lines. Granule release is generally followed by measuring the release of myeloperoxidase. Functional responses have been detected in the picomolar concentration range (Gerard, C. et al. (1981); Hugli, T.E. et al. (1981)).ELISA kits for the assay of C5a and C5a desArg in blood and other fluids are sold by many companies. These measurements are useful for detecting complement activation in vivo, but the interpretation of their meaning is complicated by the fact that clearance of the anaphylatoxins is rapid.In vivoThe resting serum concentration of C5a desArg has been reported to be approximately 4 nM although it is difficult to draw, store and test blood without 1 to 10 % C5 activation (Watkins, J. (1987)). The presence of EDTA and Futhan in the collection tubes can minimize this background. Full activation of all C5 in blood (75 µg/mL) would result in ~380 nM C5a (~3.9 µg/mL). Due to the extreme sensitivity of many C5a responses, a response can theoretically be initiated by activation of approximately one millionth of the C5 in a local area (sub-picomolar C5a).RegulationC5adesArg levels are regulated by two processes: formation and clearance. The enzymes that cleave C5 and release C5a (collectively called C5 convertases) do so at very slow rates. Operating at Vmax the best enzymes only cleave one C5 every three minutes (Rawal, N. and Pangburn, M.K. (2001)). C5a desArg is created when C5a is“inactivated” by removal of its C-terminal arginine amino acid. The product C5a desArg is produced by the action of the plasma enzyme carboxypeptidase N. This inactivation is rapid and most C5a is converted to C5a desArg within minutes of its formation. “Inactivated” C5a still possesses approx. 1% of its anaphylatoxic and chemotatic activities, but its stimulatory activity is only reduced 10-fold. Thus, C5a desArg retains considerable biological activity even though it is frequently called inactivated C5a. Because of the large number of cells bearing C5a receptors (endothelial, immune, smooth muscle, neuronal, etc.) the capture, internalization and digestion of C5a and C5a desArg results in their rapid removal from circulation.DeficienciesA deficiency of C5 or a deficiency of the enzymes that cleave C5 to generate C5a would result in the absence of C5a and C5a desArg. A knock-out mouse deficient in carboxypeptidase N has been created and found to be hypersensitive to complement activation and CVF administration (Mueller-Ortiz S.L. et al. (2009)). Administration of human C5a was 100% lethal in these KO mice probably due to their inability to inactivate C5a to C5a desArg. There are no known complete deficiencies of C5 convertases. Examples of C5 deficient humans and mice exist. In fact, many laboratory mouse strains in common use were shown to have been bred with a deficiency of C5 (A/HeJ, AKR/J, DBA/2J, NZB/B1NJ, SWR/J, and B10.D2/nSnJ). The lack of C5 prevents formation of the membrane attack complex of complement and precludes formation of C5a and C5a desArg. Humans lacking C5 are susceptible to repeated infections from a wide variety of organisms, primarily gram-negative bacteria. Meningococcal and gonococcal neisserial infections are especially problematic. The degree to which pathologies associated with C5 deficiency are due to the lack of C5 or due to the absence of C5a and C5a desArg is unclear but information on this isbeing acquired from receptor knock-out animals.DiseasesSee Deficiencies above.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from human serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any blood-derived product must be used even though the source was shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II.Injection can cause anaphylatic shock which is a generalized circulatory collapse similar to that caused by an allergic reaction.Hazard Code: B WGK Germany 3MSDS available upon request... Read More | Purity>90% by SDS-PAGEExtinction Coeff.A280 nm = 0.988 at 1.0 mg/mLPrecautionsUse normal precautions for handling human blood productsGeneral DescriptionNative human C9 is a naturally glycosylated (7.8%) protein composed of a singlepolypeptide chain. The molecular weight is 71,000 Da. C9 binds toPurity>90% by SDS-PAGEExtinction Coeff.A280 nm = 0.988 at 1.0 mg/mLPrecautionsUse normal precautions for handling human blood productsGeneral DescriptionNative human C9 is a naturally glycosylated (7.8%) protein composed of a singlepolypeptide chain. The molecular weight is 71,000 Da. C9 binds to the C5b-8 complex and forms the mature membrane attack complex (MAC) on cell membranes. Each pathway of complement activation generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3/C5 convertases) which are bound to the target surface (Ross, G.D. (1986)). These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in the larger alpha chain of C5 releasing the anaphylatoxin C5a and activating C5b. This is the only proteolytic step in the assembly of the C5b-9 complex. C5b is unstable, but it remains bound to the activating complex for a brief time (~2 min) during which it either binds a single C6 from the surrounding fluid or decays and is no longer capable of forming MAC. The C5b,6 complex may also remain bound to the C3/C5 convertase where the binding of a single C7 exposes a membrane-binding region and C5b,6,7 can partially insert into the bilipid layer of the target cell. Up to this point the complex may diffuse away from the target cell and enter the membrane of a nearby cell. This is called bystander lysis or “reactive lysis” and can be a significant source of pathology. Each C5b-7 complex can bind one C8 protein molecule which results in the complex inserting more firmly into the membrane. The C5b-8 complex is capable of causing lysis without C9 although this is slow and requires many more complexes per cell than with C9. This property complicates C9 titrations since the precursor (C5b-8) can also cause lysis. The primary role of C8 is to catalyze the binding of C9 and each bound C9 can bind another C9 initiating formation of a ring structure containing up to 18 molecules of C9 (Podack, E.R. (1984)). C5b-9 complexes with one or more C9 are referred to as the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) of complement. Not all C5b-8 complexes have complete rings of C9 with the average being only three C9 per C5b-8complex. Nevertheless, these structures are capable of causing lysis if enough are formed in a given cell. Completed protein rings of C9 form the pores seen on electron micrographs and they result in leakage of metabolites and small proteins out of the cell as well as movement of water into the cell. If sufficient numbers are inserted into a cell membrane then water flowing into the cell, due to osmotic pressure, will rupture the cell membrane allowing the entire contents of the target cell (or a bystander cell) to be released. Either process may result in cell death. Originally it was thought that this required only one C5b-9 complex per cell (referred to as the “one hit theory” of lysis (Rommel F.A. and Mayer, M.M. (1973)), but this is probably not correct. For example, an erythrocyte without CD59 requires ~850 C5b-9 complexes, as measured by the number of C7 molecules, for lysis to occur (Bauer, J. et al. (1979)). Host cells protected from MAC by CD59 require sufficient numbers of C5b-9 to tie up all the CD59 and then ~850 C5b-9 in addition. Lysis of nucleated cells requires many more C5b-9 complexes due to their size and due to the presence of multiple defense mechanisms in such cells.Physical Characteristics & StructureThe molecular weight of C9 is 71,000 Da and it is a single polypeptide chain. The protein contains 7.8% carbohydrate attached at two N-linked glycosylation sites. The pI of C9 is 4.7. C9 may polymerize spontaneously forming MAC rings without C5b-8. The rings formed from pure C9 as well as the completed rings formed by C5b-9 with 12 to 18 C9 molecules have the unusual property of being stable in boiling SDS even though they are non-covalently bound. Function See General Description above. Assays Assays for C9 function are complicated by the fact that if excess C5-C8 is used cells (EA or Er) will be lysed by the C5b-8 complex. Thus it is critical to use limited C8 in these assays to keep the background lysis to a minimum. The simplest assay for C9 is to use C9-depleted human serum and measure the lysis of EA (classical pathway) or Er (alternative pathway) as a function of the concentration of added test sample or standard purified C9. Each unique application might require appropriate conditions to be determined. However, a typical assay would involve mixing on wet ice ~5 µL C9-Dpl, C9-containing sample diluted with GVB⁺⁺ to contain from 1 to 10 ng C9, and sufficient GVB⁺⁺ to bring the volume to 300 µL. EA (3 X 10⁷ cells in 200 µL) diluted in GVB⁺⁺ should be added last. Purified C9 or normal human serum (NHS) may be used as a source of C9. The reaction mixture is incubated for 30 min at 37℃ and 1 mL of cold GVBE added, mixed and centrifuged to spin down unlysed cells. The released hemoglobin in the supernatant is then analyzed at 415 nm and compared to blanks without C9 (background lysis control) and cells incubated with 275 µL water instead of GVB⁺⁺ and 25 µL C9-Dpl (100% lysis control). Note as mentioned above, at inputs of serum higher than ~5 µL of C9-Dpl, EA and other target cells may also be lysed in the absence of C9 depending on the cells’ susceptibility to C5b-9.Many other assays have been described using EA preloaded with C1 (EAC1 cells) or preloaded with the classical pathway C5 convertase (EAC1423 cells), however, all these assays require the use of multiple purified complement components or more difficult-to-prepare reagents (Dodds, A.W. and Sim, R.B. (1997; Morgan, B.P. (2000);Tack, B.F., et al. (1981)).ApplicationsSee General Description aboveIn vivoThe normal serum concentration of C9 is 60 µg/mL (normal range 47 to 70µg/mL). The primary site of synthesis is the liver. C9 is also produced by monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and glial cells. C9 is an acute phase protein and its synthesis is stimulated by cytokines (such as IFNγ) that stimulate increased biosynthesis of many other complement proteins.RegulationMany proteins and other components of plasma have an inhibitory effect on the lytic activity of C5b-9 complexes but there are no specific C9 inactivators. Most of the C5b-9 inhibitors interact with the complex after the C5b-7 stage. If any of the C5bcontaining complexes fail to insert into a membrane they may self-aggregate or bind to regulatory proteins the most prevalent of which is S Protein. S Protein (also called vitronectin) is an 80,000 Da plasma protein found bound to most soluble C5b-9 complexes. Many other serum components inhibit or partially inhibit lysis by C5b-9 and these include SP40,40 (also known as clusterin and apolipoprotein J) and many plasma lipoprotein complexes (LDL, HDL, etc.).Host cells protect themselves from C5b-9 by a variety of mechanisms. Membrane proteins DAF, MCP, and CR1 inhibit formation of C3/C5 convertases preventing MAC formation. CD59, also called “homologous restriction factor” and “protectin”, is a 18,000 to 20,000 Da ubiquitous component of cell membranes that is very effective at binding to and inhibiting the lytic potential of C5b-8 and C5b-9 complexes. The speciesspecificity of CD59 is not absolute and many mammalian CD59 proteins inhibit or partially inhibit MAC from other species. The specificity that is observed appears to be due to incompatibilities between C8 of one animal and the CD59 of another. Like DAF, CD59 contains a GPI anchor (a post-translationally added lipid tail that inserts into the bilipid layer of the cell). The disease PNH is caused by the loss of enzymes that attach the GPI tail, thus depriving cells of the ability to express DAF and inactivate C3/C5 convertases and the ability express CD59 to inactivate C5b-9. This results in the spontaneous lysis by complement of the most susceptible cells such as erythrocytes and platelets.GeneticsHuman chromosome location 5p 13. Accession number HSC6A. Mouse chromosome 15. Human genomic structure: the gene spans 100 kb with 11 exons.DeficienciesHuman C9 deficiencies are quite common. A well documented study found that 1:1000 people in the Janaese population were C9 deficient although other ethnic groups have lower incidents of C9 deficiency (Horiuchi, T. et al. (1998)). Deficiencies exhibit autosomal recessive transmission. Patients generally exhibit abnormally high susceptibility to recurrent meningococcal meningitis and systemic neisserial infections. Partial deficiencies do not seem to show adverse clinical effects.DiseasesSee Deficiencies above.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from human plasma, therefore precautions appropriate for handling any blood-derived product must be used even though the source was shown bycertified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II.Hazard Code: B WGK Germany 3MSDS available upon request... Read More | Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：KGF (keratinocyte growth factor), also known as FGF-7 (fibroblast growth factor-7), is one of 22 known members of the mouse FGF family of secreted proteins that plays a key role in development, Purity: >90%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Coomassie® Blue Staining.Description：KGF (keratinocyte growth factor), also known as FGF-7 (fibroblast growth factor-7), is one of 22 known members of the mouse FGF family of secreted proteins that plays a key role in development, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumorigenesis (1-4). KGF expression is restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin. When secreted, it acts as a paracrine growth factor for nearby epithelial cells (1). KGF speeds wound healing by being dramatically upregulated in response to damage to skin or internal structures that results in high local concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha. (2, 5). KGF promotes cell migration and invasion, and mediates melanocyte transfer to keratinocytes upon UVB radiation (6, 7). It has been used ectopically to avoid chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with hematological malignancies (1). Deletion of KGF affects kidney development, producing abnormally small ureteric buds and fewer nephrons (8). It also impedes hair follicle differentiation (9). The 194 amino acid (aa) KGF precursor contains a 31 aa signal sequence and, like all other FGFs, an ~120 aa beta -trefoil scaffold that includes receptor- and heparin-binding sites. KGF signals only through the IIIb splice form of the tyrosine kinase receptor, FGF R2 (FGF R2-IIIb/KGF R) (10). Receptor dimerization requires an octameric or larger heparin or heparin sulfate proteoglycan (11). FGF-10, also called KGF2, shares 51% aa identity and similar function to KGF, but shows more limited expression than KGF and uses an additional receptor, FGF R2-IIIc (12). Following receptor engagement, KGF is typically degraded, while FGF-10 is recycled (12). Mature human KGF, which is active across species, shares 98% aa sequence identity with bovine, equine, ovine and canine, 96% with mouse and porcine, and 92% with rat KGF, respectively... Read More |