| Description | APOL2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for APOL2 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components APOL2 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) APOL2 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) APOL2 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control:APOL2 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for APOL2 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components APOL2 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) APOL2 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) APOL2 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) FAM-labeled siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) GAPDH siRNA Positive Control:5 nmol (HPLC)... Read More | General DescriptionNatural human C5a is prepared from human C5 protein cleaved into C5a and C5b by human C5 convertase. The C5a is converted to C5a desArg by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal arginine. The primary carboxypeptidase responsible for Arg removal is serum carboxypeptidase N, but General DescriptionNatural human C5a is prepared from human C5 protein cleaved into C5a and C5b by human C5 convertase. The C5a is converted to C5a desArg by proteolytic removal of the C-terminal arginine. The primary carboxypeptidase responsible for Arg removal is serum carboxypeptidase N, but there are several different carboxypepticases in serum. C5a desArg is a naturally glycosylated polypeptide containing 73 amino acids with a molecular weight of approx. 10,250 daltons. It contains 25% carbohydrate attached to a single Asn residue at position 64. This carbohydrate is of variable structure leading to a broad distribution of MW upon analysis by mass spectroscopy. C5a is the most potent anaplylatoxin (compared to C3a and C4a). C5a desArg is produced when C5a is“inactivated” by removal of its C-terminal arginine amino acid. This cleavage occurs by the action of the plasma enzyme carboxypeptidase N. This inactivation is rapid and most C5a is converted to C5a desArg within minutes of its formation. “Inactivated” C5a still possesses approx. 1% of its anaphylatoxic and chemotatic activities, but its stimulatory activity is only reduced 10-fold. Thus, C5a desArg retains considerable biological activity even though it is frequently called inactivated C5a. Its biological properties include being weakly chemotactic for neutrophils (PMN), causing smooth muscle contraction, increasing vascular permeability, causing histamine and TNF-alpha release, and causing lysosomal degranulation of immune cells. C5a and C5a desArg act through the C5a Receptor (C5aR, CD88, a G-protein coupled receptor) on PMN, monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and mast cells. A second receptor of unknown function (C5L2, gpr77) has been identified. Due to the widespread expression of C5a receptors and the results from C5aR KO mice it is believed that C5a and its receptors have many nonimmunolgical functions in organ development, CNS development, neurodegeneration, tissue regeneration and hematopoiesis (Monk, P.N. et al. (2007)).Native versus Recombinant C5a desArgNumerous recombinant forms of C5a and C5a desArg are sold by many companies. In side-by-side biological testing, we have found that our native native proteins are 10- to 100-fold more active per µg than all but one of these recombinant proteins. Structurally not a single one of the recombinant proteins on the market has the correct amino acid sequence or structure. They have extra amino acids at the N-terminal (such as 6 His tags), different amino acids in the sequence itself (some were produced from the original, but incorrect amino acid sequence), and none possess the 25% carbohydrate at Asn 64. In fact, one recombinant C5a on the market has approximately 30 additional amino acids at the N-terminal end due to the cloning vector used. This is a 40% addition of nonsense structure to the C5a molecule. Both our C5a and our C5adesArg are native proteins produced by the native human C5 convertase.Physical Characteristics & StructureDeglycosylated MW: Calculated monoisotopic mass 8112; Calculated average mass 8117.Isoelectric point: pI = 8.8Carbohydrate content: ~25% carbohydrate (heterogeneous) Amino acid sequence: TLQKKIEEIA AKYKHSVVKK CCYDGACVNN DETCEQRAAR ISLGPRCIKA FTECCVVASQ LRANISHKDM QLGMDL Number: MFCD00130842NMRderived structure: FEBS Lett. 238:289-294, 1988; Biochemistry 28:172-185,1989; Biochemistry 29:2895-2905, 1990; Proteins 28:261-267, 1997.Extinction Coeff. A280 nm = 0.41 at 1.0 mg/mlPurity: > 97% by SDS-PAGEAssaysThe multitude of biological functions of C5a has resulted in the use of many different assay systems. The most typical biological assays being smooth muscle contraction assays using guinea pig ileum, chemotaxis assays using neutrophils or granule-release assays using human PMN or similar cell lines. Granule release is generally followed by measuring the release of myeloperoxidase. Functional responses have been detected in the picomolar concentration range (Gerard, C. et al. (1981); Hugli, T.E. et al. (1981)).ELISA kits for the assay of C5a and C5a desArg in blood and other fluids are sold by many companies. These measurements are useful for detecting complement activation in vivo, but the interpretation of their meaning is complicated by the fact that clearance of the anaphylatoxins is rapid.In vivoThe resting serum concentration of C5a desArg has been reported to be approximately 4 nM although it is difficult to draw, store and test blood without 1 to 10 % C5 activation (Watkins, J. (1987)). The presence of EDTA and Futhan in the collection tubes can minimize this background. Full activation of all C5 in blood (75 µg/mL) would result in ~380 nM C5a (~3.9 µg/mL). Due to the extreme sensitivity of many C5a responses, a response can theoretically be initiated by activation of approximately one millionth of the C5 in a local area (sub-picomolar C5a).RegulationC5adesArg levels are regulated by two processes: formation and clearance. The enzymes that cleave C5 and release C5a (collectively called C5 convertases) do so at very slow rates. Operating at Vmax the best enzymes only cleave one C5 every three minutes (Rawal, N. and Pangburn, M.K. (2001)). C5a desArg is created when C5a is“inactivated” by removal of its C-terminal arginine amino acid. The product C5a desArg is produced by the action of the plasma enzyme carboxypeptidase N. This inactivation is rapid and most C5a is converted to C5a desArg within minutes of its formation. “Inactivated” C5a still possesses approx. 1% of its anaphylatoxic and chemotatic activities, but its stimulatory activity is only reduced 10-fold. Thus, C5a desArg retains considerable biological activity even though it is frequently called inactivated C5a. Because of the large number of cells bearing C5a receptors (endothelial, immune, smooth muscle, neuronal, etc.) the capture, internalization and digestion of C5a and C5a desArg results in their rapid removal from circulation.DeficienciesA deficiency of C5 or a deficiency of the enzymes that cleave C5 to generate C5a would result in the absence of C5a and C5a desArg. A knock-out mouse deficient in carboxypeptidase N has been created and found to be hypersensitive to complement activation and CVF administration (Mueller-Ortiz S.L. et al. (2009)). Administration of human C5a was 100% lethal in these KO mice probably due to their inability to inactivate C5a to C5a desArg. There are no known complete deficiencies of C5 convertases. Examples of C5 deficient humans and mice exist. In fact, many laboratory mouse strains in common use were shown to have been bred with a deficiency of C5 (A/HeJ, AKR/J, DBA/2J, NZB/B1NJ, SWR/J, and B10.D2/nSnJ). The lack of C5 prevents formation of the membrane attack complex of complement and precludes formation of C5a and C5a desArg. Humans lacking C5 are susceptible to repeated infections from a wide variety of organisms, primarily gram-negative bacteria. Meningococcal and gonococcal neisserial infections are especially problematic. The degree to which pathologies associated with C5 deficiency are due to the lack of C5 or due to the absence of C5a and C5a desArg is unclear but information on this isbeing acquired from receptor knock-out animals.DiseasesSee Deficiencies above.Precautions/Toxicity/HazardsThis protein is purified from human serum and therefore precautions appropriate for handling any blood-derived product must be used even though the source was shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg, HTLV-I/II, STS, and for antibodies to HCV, HIV-1 and HIV-II.Injection can cause anaphylatic shock which is a generalized circulatory collapse similar to that caused by an allergic reaction.Hazard Code: B WGK Germany 3MSDS available upon request... Read More | Product contentF665766Component5 mLStorageF665766A2×Fast Probe Mixture5×1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.F665766BddH2O5×1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.Product IntroductionFast Probe Mixture is a pre-mixed system for real-time fluorescence PCR by probe method (TaqMan, Product contentF665766Component5 mLStorageF665766A2×Fast Probe Mixture5×1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.F665766BddH2O5×1 mL-20℃. Avoid freeze/thaw cycle.Product IntroductionFast Probe Mixture is a pre-mixed system for real-time fluorescence PCR by probe method (TaqMan, Molecular Beacon, etc.), with a concentration of 2×, including Fast Taq DNA Polymerase, PCR Buffer, dNTPs, Mg2+ and so on, which is easy and convenient to operate. It is mainly used for the detection of genomic DNA target sequence and cDNA target sequence after RNA reverse transcription. The Fast Taq DNA Polymerase contained in this product can effectively reduce the non-specific amplification generated by the non-specific binding of primers and templates or primer dimerization at room temperature, and the activation of the enzyme only needs to be incubated at 95 ℃ for 30 s. The whole PCR reaction process can save about 40 minutes compared with the ordinary reaction, which greatly shortens the reaction time of PCR. The combination of unique PCR buffer system and fast hot start enzyme effectively inhibits the generation of non-specific products and significantly improves the PCR amplification efficiency with stronger fluorescence signal, higher sensitivity and wider linear range. The product has a wide range of applications and can be used for both normal and rapid quantitative PCR programs.ROX dye is used to correct the fluorescence signal error generated between wells of a quantitative PCR instrument, and is generally used in Real Time PCR amplifiers from ABI, Stratagene, and other companies. The excitation optics vary from instrument to instrument, so the concentration of ROX dye must be matched to the corresponding fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument.Instruments that do not require ROX calibration (F665766):Roche LightCycler 480, Roche LightCyler 96, Bio-rad iCyler iQ, iQ5, CFX96 and others.Instruments that require Low ROX calibration (F665768):ABI Prism7500/7500 Fast, QuantStudio®3 System, QuantStudio®5 System, QuantStudio®6 Flex System, QuantStudio®7 Flex System, ViiA 7 system. Stratagene Mx3000/Mx3005P, Corbett Rotor Gene 3000, and more.Instruments that require High ROX calibration (F665774):ABI Prism 7000/7300/7700/7900, Eppendorf, ABI Step One/Step One Plus, and others.matters needing attention1. Before use, please mix gently by turning up and down, avoid foaming as much as possible, and use after brief centrifugation.2. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing of this product, repeated freezing and thawing may degrade the product performance. This product can be stored for long term at -20℃, protected from light. If frequent use is required within a short period of time, it can be stored at 2-8℃.UsageThe following examples are conventional PCR reaction systems and reaction conditions, which should be improved and optimized according to the template, primer structure and target fragment size in actual operation.1.PCR reaction systemReagents50 µl Reaction systemFinal concentration2×Fast Probe Mixture25 µl1×Forward Primer，10 µM1 µl0.2 µM¹⁾Reverse Primer，10 µM1 µl0.2 µM¹⁾Probe，10 µM1 µl0.2 µM²⁾Template DNA2 µl³⁾ 50×Low ROX or High ROX（optional）⁴⁾1 µl1×ddH₂Oup to 50 µlNote: 1) Usually the primer concentration of 0.2µM can get better results, and 0.1-1.0µM can be used as a reference for setting the range. 2) The final concentration of the probe used is related to the fluorescent quantitative PCR instrument used, the type of probe, and the type of fluorescent labeling substance, so please refer to the instruction manual of the instrument or the specific requirements of the use of each fluorescent probe for the adjustment of the concentration in actual use.(3) Usually the amount of DNA template is 10-100ng genomic DNA or 1-10ng cDNA as a reference. Since the templates of different species contain different copy numbers of target genes, the templates can be subjected to gradient dilution to determine the optimal amount of template to be used.(4) The excitation optical system varies from instrument to instrument, choose to add 50×Low ROX or 50×High ROX according to the instrument using fluorescence quantification.2. PCR reaction program:A two-step PCR reaction program is recommended, and this program is set up using the ABI 7500 Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Instrument as a reference.Note: 1) The enzyme used in this product must be pre-denatured at 95°C for 30s to achieve enzyme activation. Under this condition, most of the templates can be well unchained. For templates with high GC content and complex secondary structure, the pre-denaturation time can be extended to 1-4 minutes in order to make the starting template fully unchained.(2) It is recommended to use two-step PCR reaction program, if you can not get good experimental results due to the use of primers with lower Tm values, etc., you can try to carry out a three-step PCR amplification, annealing temperature, please use the range of 56 ℃ - 64 ℃ for as a reference for the setting... Read More | Inorganic pyrophosphates are inevitably produced in the process of mRNA transcription in vitro. These substances have a great inhibitory effect on transcription. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) can hydrolyze the inorganic pyrophosphates produced in nucleic acid amplification experiments, promote Inorganic pyrophosphates are inevitably produced in the process of mRNA transcription in vitro. These substances have a great inhibitory effect on transcription. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) can hydrolyze the inorganic pyrophosphates produced in nucleic acid amplification experiments, promote the shift of reaction equilibrium to the product generation end, and increase the amount of products.The molecular weight of PPase (pyrophosphatase, inorganic, inorganic pyrophosphatase) is about 63kd, which can catalyze the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate to produce orthophosphate: P2O74_+H2O+PPase→2HPO42_. In the nucleic acid amplification experiment, PPase can hydrolyze the inorganic pyrophosphate generated with the reaction to avoid its inhibition on the reaction system. The removal of pyrophosphate can shift the reaction equilibrium to the product generation end.This product is a GMP level recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase (yeast source) expressed by large-scale fermentation of E. coli. It is produced with raw and auxiliary materials of medicinal specifications, and the host protein residue and nucleic acid residue are strictly controlled. The product production and quality management procedures in line with GMP specifications ensure that the production process and all raw and auxiliary materials can be traced.Quality requirements project standard appearance Clear liquid Visible foreign matter Compliance with regulations PH value 7.5±8.5 activity 98U/ml-102U/ml purity ≥95% Endonuclease residues Degradation of substrate shall not exceed 10% Exonuclease residues Degradation of substrate shall not exceed 10% RNase residue Degradation of substrate shall not exceed 10% Bacterial endotoxin content ≤10EU/ml Exogenous DNA residue ≤100pg/mg Host protein residue ≤50ppm Mycoplasma detection negative Heavy metal residues ≤10ppm Follow the following specifications1. ISO 9001:2015, certified facility。2. GMP appendix - cell therapy products State Drug Administration.3. general introduction to human gene therapy - Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, National Pharmacopoeia Committee.4. USP chapter <1043>, adjuvant materials for cell, gene, and tissue engineered products.5. USP chapter <92>, growth factors and cytokines used in cell therapy manufacturing.6. Ph. Eur. General chapter 5.2.12, raw materials of biological origin for the production of cell-based and gene therapy medical products.Product features1. hydrolyze inorganic pyrophosphate.2. DNA synthesis: significantly enhance DNA replication ability.3. RNA synthesis: increase RNA production in in vitro transcription reaction.4. The optimal reaction temperature is 25℃, and the enzyme can be inactivated at 65℃ for 10min.Product usage1. optimize RNA transcription: improve the RNA yield of in vitro transcription reaction.2. remove PPI contamination from reagents for SNP genotyping by pyrophosphate assay.3. promote the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA.4. catalyze the reaction of PPI + H2O → 2pi.5. ssr-pcr optimization：Improve efficiency and increase DNA production.Activity definitionCatalytic inorganic pyrophosphate formation 1 per minute under standard reaction conditions µ The amount of enzyme required for mol phosphate was defined as 1 active unit.Preservation system20 mM Tris-HCl; 100 mM NaCl; 1 mM DTT; 0.1 mM EDTA; 50% (v/v) Glycerol; pH 8.0。 Storage temperature-20±5 ℃。Matters needing attention1. the enzyme has activity in various reaction buffers. Generally, the enzyme can be directly added in HDA, lamp and other experiments.2. the dosage of the enzyme needs to be optimized in different experiments, usually adjusted at the concentration of 0.05~1u/ml.3. the optimum reaction temperature of the enzyme was 25 ℃, and it was active at 16~37 ℃, and the enzyme could be inactivated at 65 ℃ for 10min.4. cofactor: mg2+ is necessary for enzyme activity... Read More | Purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.Additional sequence informationFunction N-terminal glycine. Full-length mature chain lacking the signal peptideFunctionHas chemotactic activity for neutrophils. May play a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine Purity>97% by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses.Additional sequence informationFunction N-terminal glycine. Full-length mature chain lacking the signal peptideFunctionHas chemotactic activity for neutrophils. May play a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. In vitro, the processed forms GRO-alpha(4-73), GRO-alpha(5-73) and GRO-alpha(6-73) show a 30-fold higher chemotactic activity.Post-translationalN-terminal processed forms GRO-alpha(4-73), GRO-alpha(5-73) and GRO-alpha(6-73) are produced by proteolytic cleavage after secretion from peripheral blood monocytes... Read More |