| Applications | Upstream reservoir exploration, well profiling, unconventional resources (shale gas, coal bed methane), crude oil fingerprinting, oil spill characterization, gas source determination | Flavor and fragrance industry: authenticity testing of aromas, essential oils, and flavor compounds; natural vs. synthetic discrimination; geographic origin confirmation; adulteration detection | Food authenticity and origin verification: olive oil, wine, meat, seafood, fruits and vegetables, flavor compounds; detection of adulteration; geographic origin determination | Stable isotope ecology: marine food web elucidation, animal migration tracking, agriculture crop/soil dynamics, soil mesofauna, biogeochemical processes, paleoecology | Dissolved nitrate isotope analysis (d15N, d18O) in groundwater, surface water, seawater; atmospheric greenhouse gas analysis (CO2, N2O, CH4); nitrogen cycle research; soil and organic material isotope analysis |