| Applications | Geochemistry, geology, climate change, hydrology, food authenticity, food adulteration, ecology, petroleum geoscience, archaeology, forensics, sports doping, environmental science, oceanography | Geochemistry, geology, paleoclimatology, hydrology, biogeochemistry: mineral sulfates/sulfides, nitrates, biogenic silicates, carbonates, apatite, soils, sediments, clays, tree rings, wood, organic materials |