| Applications | Geochemistry, geology, climate change, hydrology, food authenticity, food adulteration, ecology, petroleum geoscience, archaeology, forensics, sports doping, environmental science, oceanography | Flavor and fragrance industry: authenticity testing of aromas, essential oils, and flavor compounds; natural vs. synthetic discrimination; geographic origin confirmation; adulteration detection | Food authenticity and origin verification: olive oil, wine, meat, seafood, fruits and vegetables, flavor compounds; detection of adulteration; geographic origin determination | Detection of C3 sugar adulteration of honey (LC-IRMS); detection of C4 adulteration per AOAC 998.12 (EA-IRMS, optional); geographic origin confirmation of honey (optional) | Sports doping, archaeology, forensics, food authenticity, ecology, petroleum geoscience, environmental science, geoscience, honey adulteration, flavor and fragrance |