| Applications | Sports doping, archaeology, forensics, food authenticity, ecology, petroleum geoscience, environmental science, geoscience, honey adulteration, flavor and fragrance | Flavor and fragrance industry: authenticity testing of aromas, essential oils, and flavor compounds; natural vs. synthetic discrimination; geographic origin confirmation; adulteration detection | Stable isotope ecology: marine food web elucidation, animal migration tracking, agriculture crop/soil dynamics, soil mesofauna, biogeochemical processes, paleoecology | Dissolved nitrate isotope analysis (d15N, d18O) in groundwater, surface water, seawater; atmospheric greenhouse gas analysis (CO2, N2O, CH4); nitrogen cycle research; soil and organic material isotope analysis | Upstream reservoir exploration, well profiling, unconventional resources (shale gas, coal bed methane), crude oil fingerprinting, oil spill characterization, gas source determination |