| Applications | Sports doping (steroid abuse, testosterone origin), criminal forensics (drugs of abuse, explosives, counterfeits), archaeology (food sourcing, mummified materials), geographic origin determination | Food authenticity and origin verification: olive oil, wine, meat, seafood, fruits and vegetables, flavor compounds; detection of adulteration; geographic origin determination | Detection of C3 sugar adulteration of honey (LC-IRMS); detection of C4 adulteration per AOAC 998.12 (EA-IRMS, optional); geographic origin confirmation of honey (optional) | Stable isotope ecology: marine food web elucidation, animal migration tracking, agriculture crop/soil dynamics, soil mesofauna, biogeochemical processes, paleoecology | Geochemistry, geology, climate change, hydrology, food authenticity, food adulteration, ecology, petroleum geoscience, archaeology, forensics, sports doping, environmental science, oceanography |