| Applications | Detection of C3 sugar adulteration of honey (LC-IRMS); detection of C4 adulteration per AOAC 998.12 (EA-IRMS, optional); geographic origin confirmation of honey (optional) | Geochemistry, geology, paleoclimatology, hydrology, biogeochemistry: mineral sulfates/sulfides, nitrates, biogenic silicates, carbonates, apatite, soils, sediments, clays, tree rings, wood, organic materials |