| Applications | Geochemistry, geology, paleoclimatology, hydrology, biogeochemistry: mineral sulfates/sulfides, nitrates, biogenic silicates, carbonates, apatite, soils, sediments, clays, tree rings, wood, organic materials | Flavor and fragrance industry: authenticity testing of aromas, essential oils, and flavor compounds; natural vs. synthetic discrimination; geographic origin confirmation; adulteration detection |