| Applications | Chemicals, Agriculture, Environmental, Materials, Energy, Forensics, Ecology, Agronomy, Food safety, Archaeology | H. pylori detection, liver function, fat malabsorption, pancreatic function assessment, lactose intolerance, gastric emptying, bile acid circulation, metabolic turnover rates | Ecology, environmental analysis, geology, paleoclimate, food authenticity, forensics, laser ablation IRMS |