| Applications | Sports doping, archaeology, forensics, food authenticity, ecology, petroleum geoscience, environmental science, geoscience, honey adulteration, flavor and fragrance | Food authenticity and origin verification: olive oil, wine, meat, seafood, fruits and vegetables, flavor compounds; detection of adulteration; geographic origin determination | Stable isotope ecology: marine food web elucidation, animal migration tracking, agriculture crop/soil dynamics, soil mesofauna, biogeochemical processes, paleoecology | Dissolved nitrate isotope analysis (d15N, d18O) in groundwater, surface water, seawater; atmospheric greenhouse gas analysis (CO2, N2O, CH4); nitrogen cycle research; soil and organic material isotope analysis | Geochemistry, geology, paleoclimatology, hydrology, biogeochemistry: mineral sulfates/sulfides, nitrates, biogenic silicates, carbonates, apatite, soils, sediments, clays, tree rings, wood, organic materials |