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The best way to understand how a product or material will perform in the field or over time is to use a laboratory test chamber to model those conditions. This is done in one of two ways: the test chamber may model the conditions exactly as they are,... Read More

Evaporation systems have many industrial, medical, and basic science applications. Read More

We are all familiar with X-rays, the short, highly energetic waves used by dentists to check for cavities, and by airport screeners to look for contraband. We experience fluorescence—the phenomenon by which something absorbs energy and in turn ... Read More

A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is a benchtop instrument used to determine thermodynamic transitions and heat capacities of a variety of substances. A small sample—typically 5–20 mg, around the size of the tip of a #2 pencil—is placed in ... Read More

Nitrogen is a common element, present in every living organism. It is vital to lifecycles and important in many industrial processes in its different forms. Organic nitrogen occurs in proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, urea, and many synthetic ... Read More

Microbes in food make most people think of contamination, and with good reason: the list of dangerous microbes that can turn up in food is long. Read More

In 2013, two world-class sprinters—American Tyson Gay and Jamaican Asafa Powell—tested positive for oxilofrine, a banned stimulant. Read More