A few tears could someday reveal important clues about a person’s neurological health.
Researchers in Brazil have developed a low-cost electrochemical sensor designed to detect dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in movement, learning, motivation and emotional regulation. They tested the device using artificial human tears, where it accurately detected a range of dopamine concentrations.
Changes in dopamine levels—whether higher or lower than normal—are associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions. For example, with Parkinson’s disease, concentrations of dopamine tend to decrease. Current monitoring methods, such as blood samples, urine analysis or implanted devices, take time or require invasive procedures. As an alternative, tears could be a source of health information because they can be collected quickly and painlessly.
For the study, published in ACS Omega, researchers built and tested a sensor to explore the idea of tears as a sample.
To create the sensor, the researchers used a laser to convert portions of a thin plastic film into electrically conductive graphene. The device, about the size of a postage stamp, produces an electrical signal when dopamine reacts with graphene.
In laboratory tests, the researchers added dopamine to artificial human tears and measured the sensor’s performance. The sensor accurately detected dopamine levels, including concentrations that were similar to levels previously reported in tears from people with Parkinson’s disease, and maintained its performance even in the presence of other compounds commonly found in tears.
“Our sensor can detect dopamine from levels well below the healthy baseline and up to three times higher,” said co-lead author Lucas Minghini Gonçalves from the Federal University of Pelotas. “This capability ensures that a person’s initial dopamine drop can be identified early on, which is crucial to enabling timely, proactive therapeutic interventions.”
The researchers say their findings establish a foundation for future studies using human tear samples and will help them develop point-of-care devices that monitor neurological biomarkers through a simple tear sample.
Data from American Chemical Society