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Whatever their configuration, mass spectrometers comprise two basic components: an ionization source and a mass analyzer. The former, as its name implies, ionizes molecules; the latter measures their mass—or more accurately, their mass-to-charge (m/z... Read More

A standard laboratory microscope is a necessary tool in almost every laboratory in the world. While electron, fluorescence, confocal, and atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are gaining in popularity, the standard laboratory microscope continues to be a ... Read More

Evaporation systems have many industrial, medical, and basic science applications. Read More

Methicillin, the first beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, was introduced in England in 1959, and strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were being reported as early as 1961. During the first ten years since those reports, ... Read More

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, nonenveloped, double-stranded circular DNA viruses. They cannot be cultured by conventional microbiological methods, and are classified based on similarities in nucleic acid sequences. Read More

With the exception of 1918, when influenza was the leading cause of death in the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has had that honor for the last 100 years. CVD is also the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health ... Read More

Total hemoglobin concentration is said to be the most common laboratory test ordered in medical offices and hospital settings. It is used to determine the presence of anemia, functionally defined as insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Read More